Table 3.
The effect of COPD medications on bipolar disorder development among COPD patients.
| Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysisa | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | HR (95% CI) | p Value | HR (95% CI) | p Value |
| COPD medicationsb | ||||
| SABA | 1.84 (1.25–2.70) | 0.002 | 1.83 (1.25–2.69) | 0.002 |
| LABA | 0.87 (0.71–1.06) | 0.167 | ||
| SAMA | 0.94 (0.72–1.22) | 0.626 | ||
| LAMA | 0.73 (0.36–1.48) | 0.386 | ||
| Inhaled corticosteroid | 0.92 (0.74–1.14) | 0.435 | ||
HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval; SABA: short-acting beta2-agonist; LABA: long-acting beta2-agonist; SAMA: short-acting muscarinic antagonist; LAMA: long-acting muscarinic antagonists; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease..
aAdjusted for variables listed in Table 2 multivariate analysis.
bCOPD medications were analyzed as a time-dependent covariate in the Cox regression model.