TABLE 2. Characteristics of Japanese encephalitis (JE) immunization programs in countries with JE virus transmission risk, 2016.
| Country | JE immunization program | Strategy | Scheduled age to begin routine immunization | Vaccine used in national program |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Australia* |
All risk areas† |
Routine |
12 mos |
JE-CV |
| Bangladesh |
None |
— |
— |
— |
| Bhutan |
None |
— |
— |
— |
| Brunei |
None |
— |
— |
— |
| Cambodia |
National |
Routine |
9 mos |
CD-JEV |
| Burma |
None§ |
— |
— |
— |
| China |
National¶ |
Routine |
8 mos |
CD-JEV |
| Taiwan |
All areas |
Routine |
15 mos |
MB |
| India |
Subnational** |
Routine |
9–11 mos |
CD-JEV |
| Indonesia |
None†† |
— |
— |
— |
| Japan |
National |
Routine |
6 mos |
VC |
| Laos |
National |
Routine |
9–11 mos |
CD-JEV |
| Malaysia |
Subnational§§ |
Routine |
9 mos |
JE-CV |
| Nepal |
National |
Routine |
12 mos |
CD-JEV |
| North Korea |
None¶¶ |
— |
— |
— |
| Pakistan |
None |
— |
— |
— |
| Papua New Guinea |
None |
— |
— |
— |
| Philippines |
None*** |
— |
— |
— |
| Russia* |
None |
— |
— |
— |
| Singapore |
None††† |
— |
— |
— |
| South Korea |
National |
Routine |
12 mos |
CD-JEV, MB, VC, |
| Sri Lanka |
National |
Routine |
12 mos |
CD-JEV |
| Thailand |
National |
Routine |
12 mos |
CD-JEV, JE-CV |
| Timor Leste |
None |
— |
— |
— |
| Vietnam | National | Routine | 12 mos | MB |
Abbreviations: CD-JEV = live attenuated JE vaccine; JE-CV = live recombinant JE vaccine; MB = inactivated, mouse brain-derived JE vaccine; VC = inactivated, Vero cell culture–derived JE vaccine.
* JE virus transmission risk in well-defined, limited areas.
† Vaccination recommended for residents of the outer Torres Strait Islands or nonresidents living or working there for ≥30 days during the wet season.
§ Burma is planning a national JE vaccination campaign for 2017, followed by routine introduction.
¶ Excluding the provinces of Qinghai, Tibet, and Xinjiang, which do not have endemic transmission.
** JE vaccine included in 216 districts with endemic JE.
†† Indonesia will initiate JE vaccine campaign in Bali in 2017.
§§ In Sarawak state; in peninsular Malaysia and Sabah, vaccination is provided to children aged <15 years in the vicinity of an outbreak.
¶¶ North Korea conducted a JE vaccination campaign in 2016.
*** Philippines is planning a subnational JE vaccination campaign in 2018, followed by routine introduction nationally.
††† Singapore made a decision not to introduce JE vaccine because only rare, sporadic human cases are reported in the country.