Table S1.

German unit costs

Sources of costs	Unit costs (€)per day/visit
Direct costs categories
GP or GP for internal medicine	20.22
Specialists
Specialist for internal medicine (including pneumologist)	64.65
Gynecologist	30.53
Ophthalmologist	35.09
Orthopedist	25.27
Otorhinolaryngologist	27.55
Surgeon	44.11
Dermatologist	19.10
Radiologist	43.97
Urologist	24.97
Neurologist/psychiatrist/psychotherapist	45.58
Specialist in occupational medicine	20.22
Other physician (including ambulant hospital visits)	43.97
Rehabilitation
Ambulant visit	48.29
Inpatient rehabilitation	122.09
Hospital treatment
Ambulant visit	43.97
Inpatient hospital	589.32
Physiotherapist	16.62
Prescribed pharmaceuticals	AOK Institute
Indirect cost categoriesa
Work absenceb	177.21
Premature retirement	37,126 (per year)

Notes: German unit costs by Bock et al¹ were calculated based on regularly published sources from different players in the German health care system (mainly accounting data and official statistics; differences between statutory and private health insurance were considered) and represent an approximation of societal opportunity cost. An annual update is provided by Bock et al.

^aIndirect costs only for subjects of employable age <65 years.

^bWork absence only for full-time and regular part-time employees.

Abbreviation: GP, general practitioner.