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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jan 24.
Published in final edited form as: Annu Rev Pathol. 2016 Dec 5;12:153–186. doi: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-052016-100322

Figure 1. Mechanisms by which the hepatic PME promotes HCC development.

Figure 1

Chronic liver injury, resulting in hepatocyte death, contributes to characteristic features of the PME, including liver fibrosis, hepatocyte regeneration, inflammation, increased generation of ROS, and DNA damage. Together these changes in the PME drive the development of HCC, which typically occurs after chronic injury persists for several decades. Abbreviations: HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HSC, hepatic stellate cell; PME, premalignant environment; ROS, reactive oxygen species.