Table 1.
Baseline characteristics according to quintiles of urinary calcium excretion of 5491 subjects of the Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-Stage Disease (PREVEND) study
| Variables | N | Overall | Sex-specific quintiles of urinary calcium excretion, mmol/24 h |
Ptrend lineara | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ♂ <2.65 |
2.65–3.67 |
3.68–4.58 |
4.59–5.80 |
>5.80 |
||||
| ♀ <2.16 | 2.16–3.08 | 3.09–4.00 | 4.01–5.14 | >5.14 | ||||
| Participants, N | 5491 | − | 1098 | 1098 | 1101 | 1097 | 1097 | |
| Women, % | 5491 | 52.6 | 52.6 | 52.6 | 52.7 | 52.6 | 52.6 | 0.98 |
| Age, yr | 5491 | 48.3 ± 11.7 | 47.9 ± 12.7 | 47.9 ± 12.2 | 48.2 ± 11.7 | 48.2 ± 11.2 | 49.4 ± 10.8 | 0.001 |
| Race, whites, % | 5454 | 95.9 | 91.8 | 95.4 | 96.7 | 97.3 | 98.3 | <0.001 |
| Parental history of CKD, % | 5491 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.00 |
| Smoking status, current, % | 5491 | 31.8 | 34.7 | 33.1 | 34.1 | 29.9 | 27.3 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol consumption, none, % | 5491 | 26.7 | 27.4 | 25.5 | 21.3 | 22.3 | 20.2 | <0.001 |
| Weight, kg | 5434 | 77.1 ± 13.5 | 75.5 ± 13.3 | 75.7 ± 13.0 | 75.8 ± 12.6 | 78.1 ± 13.7 | 80.5 ± 14.4 | <0.001 |
| Length, cm | 5436 | 173.1 ± 9.5 | 172.4 ± 9.6 | 172.7 ± 9.5 | 173.0 ± 9.0 | 173.5 ± 9.7 | 174.1 ± 9.4 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 5434 | 25.7 ± 4.0 | 25.4 ± 4.1 | 25.4 ± 3.8 | 25.3 ±3.7 | 25.9 ± 4.0 | 26.5 ± 4.1 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 5490 | 126 ± 18 | 124 ± 18 | 125 ± 19 | 126 ± 18 | 126 ± 17 | 128 ± 17 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 5490 | 73 ± 9 | 72 ± 9 | 72 ± 9 | 73 ± 9 | 73 ± 9 | 74 ± 9 | <0.001 |
| Antihypertensive use, % | 5491 | 11.6 | 13.9 | 11.2 | 10.7 | 11.0 | 11.1 | 0.06 |
| Hypertension, % | 5412 | 26.7 | 25.8 | 24.1 | 26.2 | 27.7 | 29.6 | 0.008 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/l | 5469 | 5.58 ± 1.11 | 5.49 ± 1.11 | 5.55 ± 1.12 | 5.58 ± 1.06 | 5.58 ± 1.17 | 5.73 ± 1.08 | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/l | 5436 | 1.35 ± 0.40 | 1.32 ± 0.40 | 1.35 ± 0.39 | 1.36 ± 0.40 | 1.35 ± 0.39 | 1.37 ± 0.41 | 0.01 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/l | 5436 | 1.11 (0.81–1.60) | 1.10 (0.81–1.58) | 1.10 (0.80–1.55) | 1.10 (0.81–1.58) | 1.08 (0.80–1.54) | 1.17 (0.85–1.69) | 0.01 |
| Lipid lowering drug use, % | 5491 | 5.1 | 5.4 | 5.2 | 5.0 | 4.9 | 5.1 | 0.70 |
| Hypercholesterolemia, % | 5470 | 29.8 | 27.9 | 29.0 | 29.8 | 29.1 | 33.2 | 0.01 |
| Glucose, mmol/l | 5476 | 4.7 ± 0.9 | 4.7 ± 0.8 | 4.7 ± 0.7 | 4.7 ± 0.8 | 4.8 ± 0.8 | 4.9 ± 1.3 | <0.001 |
| Antidiabetic drug use, % | 5473 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 1.5 | 0.03 |
| Diabetes, % | 5456 | 2.0 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.9 | 2.2 | 3.3 | <0.001 |
| eGFR, ml/min per 1.73 m2 | 5491 | 97 ± 15 | 96 ± 16 | 97 ± 15 | 98 ± 15 | 98 ± 14 | 98 ± 14 | <0.001 |
| Plasma calcium, mmol/l | 5130 | 2.28 ± 0.08 | 2.27 ± 0.08 | 2.27 ± 0.08 | 2.28 ± 0.08 | 2.28 ± 0.08 | 2.28 ± 0.09 | 0.02 |
| Plasma magnesium, mmol/l | 5136 | 0.81 ± 0.06 | 0.81 ± 0.06 | 0.81 ± 0.07 | 0.81 ± 0.06 | 0.81 ± 0.05 | 0.81 ± 0.06 | 0.08 |
| Plasma phosphorus, mmol/l | 5136 | 1.1 ± 0.16 | 1.01 ± 0.16 | 1.02 ± 0.16 | 1.02 ± 0.16 | 1.01 ± 0.15 | 1.00 ± 0.16 | 0.02 |
| PTH, pmol/l | 5301 | 3.62 (2.92–4.49) | 3.84 (3.10–4.74) | 3.62 (2.90–4.43) | 3.52 (2.89–4.36) | 3.49 (2.85–4.38) | 3.67 (2.92–4.56) | <0.001 |
| 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, nmol/l | 5329 | 58 ± 23 | 53 ± 24 | 57 ± 23 | 57 ± 23 | 60 ± 22 | 61 ± 23 | <0.001 |
| 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D, pmol/l | 5324 | 145 ± 47 | 136 ± 45 | 141 ± 43 | 143 ± 45 | 150 ± 47 | 157 ± 52 | <0.001 |
| Plasma albumin, g/l | 5136 | 45.9 ± 2.6 | 45.7 ± 2.6 | 45.7 ± 2.6 | 46.0 ± 2.4 | 45.9 ± 2.5 | 45.9 ± 2.6 | 0.01 |
| Urinary excretion: | ||||||||
| Calcium, mmol/24 h | 5491 | 3.82 (2.64–5.12) | 1.70 (1.27–2.06) | 2.88 (2.64–3.13) | 3.83 (3.50–4.11) | 4.80 (4.45–5.12) | 6.51 (5.92–7.51) | <0.001 |
| Potassium, mmol/24 h | 5491 | 70.4 (57.3–84.9) | 64.2 (51.1–78.6) | 67.2 (53.5–81.4) | 71.7 (58.2–85.3) | 73.4 (60.8–87.0) | 75.3 (62.4–89.7) | <0.001 |
| Sodium, mmol/24 h | 5491 | 135 (105–169) | 115 (88–146) | 123 (96–156) | 133 (107–164) | 144 (117–177) | 160 (131–197) | <0.001 |
| Magnesium, mmol/24 h | 5463 | 3.80 (2.93–4.78) | 2.78 (1.81–3.71) | 3.37 (2.58–4.17) | 3.83 (3.11–4.70) | 4.19 (3.39–5.13) | 4.69 (3.88–5.72) | <0.001 |
| Urea, mmol/24 h | 5491 | 346 (283–418) | 294 (237–358) | 317 (263–392) | 341 (290–407) | 367 (311–439) | 407 (341–475) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine, mmol/24 h | 5471 | 11.8 (9.6–14.5) | 10.7 (9.0–13.2) | 11.4 (9.1–13.9) | 11.7 (9.6–14.3) | 12.3 (10.1–15.0) | 12.8 (10.5–16.1) | <0.001 |
| Albumin, mg/24 h | 5491 | 8.1 (5.9–12.1) | 7.0 (5.2–11.0) | 7.5 (5.6–11.1) | 8.1 (6.0–12.3) | 8.5 (6.2–12.0) | 9.5 (7.0–14.1) | <0.001 |
| Supplementation: | ||||||||
| Calcium supplement use, % | 4671 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0.46 |
| Vitamin D supplement use, % | 4671 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.87 |
| Bisphosphonate use, % | 5348 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.18 |
| Thiazide diuretic use, % | 4672 | 1.8 | 3.2 | 2.0 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 0.001 |
| Loop diuretic use, % | 4671 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.18 |
Continuous variables are reported as mean ± SD or median (interquartile range), and categorical variables are reported as percentage.
BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; PTH, parathyroid hormone.
a
Determined by the χ2 test—linear-by-linear association (categorical variables) and linear regression (continuous variables).