Table 6.
Association between urinary calcium excretion and risk of mortality in 5491 subjects of the Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-Stage Disease (PREVEND) study
| Outcome | Continuous urinary calcium excretion, per 1 mmol/24 h increment | Ptrend lineara | Sex-specific quintiles of urinary calcium excretion, mmol/24 h |
Ptrend nonlinearb | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ♂ <2.65 |
2.65–3.67 |
3.68–4.58 |
4.59–5.80 |
>5.80 |
|||||
| ♀ <2.16 | 2.16–3.08 | 3.09–4.00 | 4.01–5.14 | >5.14 | |||||
| Mortality | |||||||||
| Person-years | 66,843 | 13,334 | 13,315 | 13,417 | 13,344 | 13,433 | |||
| Number of events | 267 | 63 | 62 | 45 | 52 | 45 | |||
| Crude model | 0.96 (0.90, 1.02) | 0.19 | 1.41 (0.97, 2.07) | 1.40 (0.95, 2.05) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.17 (0.78, 1.74) | 1.00 (0.66, 1.51) | 0.98 | |
| Model 1c | 0.94 (0.88, 1.01) | 0.09 | 1.36 (0.92, 2.01) | 1.49 (1.01, 2.20) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.29 (0.86, 1.94) | 0.99 (0.65, 1.50) | 0.66 | |
| Model 2d | 0.96 (0.89, 1.03) | 0.28 | 1.42 (0.93, 2.17) | 1.53 (1.00, 2.32) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.38 (0.89, 2.13) | 1.15 (0.74, 1.80) | 0.75 | |
| Model 3e | 0.95 (0.87, 1.03) | 0.21 | 1.26 (0.75, 2.11) | 1.76 (1.08, 2.86) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.27 (0.75, 2.14) | 1.06 (0.62, 1.82) | 0.54 | |
| Model 4f | 0.97 (0.87, 1.07) | 0.52 | 1.17 (0.68, 2.01) | 1.72 (1.05, 2.81) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.31 (0.78, 2.22) | 1.14 (0.65, 2.00) | 0.44 | |
| Cardiovascular event | |||||||||
| Person-years | 64,272 | 12,809 | 12,760 | 12,930 | 12,839 | 12,936 | |||
| Number of events | 448 | 98 | 93 | 92 | 84 | 81 | |||
| Crude model | 1.01 (0.96, 1.06) | 0.72 | 1.08 (0.81, 1.43) | 1.03 (0.77, 1.37) | 1.00 (ref) | 0.92 (0.68, 1.24) | 0.88 (0.65, 1.18) | 0.34 | |
| Model 1c | 0.98 (0.93, 1.02) | 0.32 | 0.98 (0.73, 1.30) | 0.98 (0.73, 1.31) | 1.00 (ref) | 0.92 (0.68, 1.24) | 0.80 (0.59, 1.09) | 0.68 | |
| Model 2d | 0.99 (0.94, 1.04) | 0.69 | 1.05 (0.77, 1.43) | 0.94 (0.69, 1.27) | 1.00 (ref) | 0.91 (0.67, 1.25) | 0.91 (0.66, 1.25) | 0.37 | |
| Model 3e | 1.01 (0.95, 1.08) | 0.69 | 1.01 (0.70, 1.47) | 0.99 (0.69, 1.43) | 1.00 (ref) | 0.88 (0.60, 1.29) | 0.98 (0.67, 1.42) | 0.29 | |
| Model 4f | 1.04 (0.96, 1.12) | 0.31 | 0.98 (0.66, 1.45) | 0.96 (0.67, 1.39) | 1.00 (ref) | 0.91 (0.62, 1.34) | 1.04 (0.70, 1.54) | 0.28 | |
Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals were derived from Cox proportional hazards regression models.
CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; PTH, parathyroid hormone; UAE, urinary albumin excretion.
Derived from a Cox proportional hazards model by using urinary calcium excretion as a continuous linear term.
Derived by using the likelihood ratio test, comparing nested Cox proportional hazards regression models with a linear or linear and cubic spline terms.
Model 1: Adjusted for age, sex, height, weight, race, baseline eGFR, and baseline lnUAE.
Model 2: Model 1 + smoking, alcohol, hypertension, diabetes, parental history of CKD, hypercholesterolemia, and history of cardiovascular events.
Model 3: Model 2 + plasma magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, PTH and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, albumin, and use of loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, calcium supplements, vitamin D supplements, and bisphosphonates.
Model 4: Model 3 + urinary sodium, potassium, urea, and magnesium excretion.