Table 3.
Change in summary exposure value of individual leading risk factors in states grouped by ETL from 1990 to 2016
| Percentage contribution to DALYs in India, 2016 |
Summary exposure value 2016 |
Percentage change from 1990 to 2016 |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low ETL group (0·56–0·75) | Lower-middle ETL group (0·41–0·55) | Higher-middle ETL group (0·31–0·40) | High ETL group (<0·31) | India | Low ETL group (0·56–0·75) | Lower-middle ETL group (0·41–0·55) | Higher-middle ETL group (0·31–0·40) | High ETL group (<0·31) | India | ||
| Child and maternal malnutrition | |||||||||||
| Short gestation for birthweight | 6·5 | 11·6 (10·8 to 12·7) | 12·2 (11·3 to 13·3) | 12·3 (11·4 to 13·4) | 12·0 (11·2 to 13·1) | 11·9 (11·1 to 13·0) | 2·3 (0·9 to 4·2) | 3·5 (2·3 to 5·0) | 2·3 (1·0 to 3·8) | 4·0 (2·5 to 5·8) | 2·5 (1·3 to 4·1) |
| Iron deficiency | 3·5 | 14·9 (11·7 to 18·7) | 13·9 (10·9 to 17·4) | 13·9 (10·8 to 17·5) | 13·0 (10·1 to 16·4) | 14·3 (11·1 to 18·0) | 1·4 (1·1 to 1·7) | 0·9 (0·4 to 1·3) | 0·9 (0·7 to 1·1) | −0·2 (−0·7 to 0·2) | 1·3 (1·1 to 1·6) |
| Low birthweight for gestation | 3·4 | 8·7 (7·9 to 9·8) | 8·4 (7·8 to 9·2) | 8·3 (7·7 to 9·1) | 8·3 (7·7 to 9·0) | 8·5 (7·8 to 9·4) | −0·6 (−1·5 to 0·3) | −1·7 (−2·6 to −0·9) | −1·9 (−2·9 to −1·1) | −1·5 (−2·1 to −0·8) | −1·1 (−1·8 to −0·4) |
| Child wasting | 3·3 | 8·6 (7·3 to 9·7) | 9·7 (8·2 to 11·0) | 9·8 (8·3 to 10·9) | 9·1 (7·7 to 10·4) | 9·1 (7·8 to 10·3) | −31·5 (−36·3 to −27·2) | −22·1 (−30·1 to −13·8) | −25·5 (−29·8 to −21·2) | −17·5 (−24·1 to −10·9) | −27·2 (−30·3 to −24·4) |
| Unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing | |||||||||||
| Unsafe water source | 3·3 | 37·9 (30·6 to 41·8) | 24·0 (17·1 to 29·2) | 28·5 (21·5 to 32·1) | 23·0 (14·0 to 27·3) | 32·0 (24·8 to 35·5) | −11·0 (−15·5 to −6·7) | −30·9 (−41·4 to −17·9) | −22·3 (−27·6 to −16·8) | −28·4 (−36·5 to −20·1) | −16·9 (−20·1 to −13·7) |
| Unsafe sanitation | 2·5 | 59·8 (56·7 to 63·2) | 35·8 (30·2 to 42·0) | 38·3 (33·0 to 45·1) | 28·8 (24·6 to 33·3) | 47·3 (44·2 to 51·2) | −31·8 (−35·4 to −28·5) | −54·7 (−61·2 to −47·8) | −53·0 (−58·9 to −46·9) | −62·9 (−67·9 to −57·6) | −43·5 (−46·2 to −40·6) |
| Air pollution | |||||||||||
| Ambient particulate matter pollution | 6·4 | 76·9 (63·0 to 88·3) | 62·3 (51·6 to 75·8) | 63·4 (53·7 to 74·3) | 49·8 (41·5 to 59·4) | 68·2 (57·1 to 79·3) | 14·9 (8·9 to 17·5) | 18·3 (13·6 to 23·2) | 20·6 (14·7 to 25·9) | 2·3 (−2·7 to 7·8) | 16·6 (11·1 to 20·4) |
| Household air pollution from solid fuels | 4·8 | 38·3 (31·3 to 46·4) | 19·3 (14·9 to 24·3) | 19·4 (15·7 to 23·8) | 12·1 (9·3 to 15·4) | 27·6 (22·5 to 33·5) | −40·0 (−45·3 to −35·4) | −62·3 (−68·5 to −55·6) | −63·3 (−67·2 to −59·1) | −77·0 (−81·1 to −73·1) | −52·2 (−55·7 to −49·1) |
| Metabolic risks | |||||||||||
| High systolic blood pressure | 8·5 | 22·3 (20·9 to 24·0) | 24·0 (22·5 to 25·9) | 23·6 (22·1 to 25·4) | 25·8 (24·1 to 27·8) | 23·3 (21·8 to 25·0) | 0·7 (−0·3 to 1·7) | 5·9 (4·1 to 7·7) | 7·0 (5·9 to 8·1) | 10·6 (9·1 to 12·0) | 4·2 (3·6 to 4·9) |
| High fasting plasma glucose | 6·0 | 2·8 (1·6 to 4·1) | 2·8 (1·6 to 4·3) | 3·6 (2·2 to 5·4) | 6·2 (4·1 to 8·9) | 3·5 (2·1 to 5·0) | 42·8 (18·5 to 83·1) | 53·3 (24·3 to 99·3) | 32·5 (16·3 to 56·4) | 49·4 (20·3 to 87·8) | 37·2 (20·6 to 62·1) |
| High total cholesterol | 4·1 | 9·7 (7·0 to 12·9) | 12·4 (9·1 to 16·2) | 12·7 (9·5 to 16·5) | 15·5 (11·8 to 19·9) | 11·5 (8·6 to 15·2) | 11·0 (6·7 to 15·9) | 17·2 (10·5 to 24·7) | 19·2 (14·2 to 24·3) | 21·5 (15·7 to 27·8) | 14·8 (11·4 to 18·5) |
| High body-mass index | 3·6 | 3·8 (2·6 to 5·4) | 4·0 (2·7 to 5·8) | 5·5 (3·8 to 8·0) | 7·2 (5·0 to 10·1) | 4·8 (3·3 to 6·8) | 86·1 (64·7 to 109·6) | 114·8 (77·7 to 155·3) | 143·2 (112·2 to 174·8) | 181·1 (140·3 to 227·5) | 119·3 (99·1 to 140·5) |
| Impaired kidney function | 2·8 | 4·8 (2·7 to 10·1) | 4·8 (2·7 to 10·2) | 5·3 (3·0 to 10·7) | 5·4 (3·2 to 10·6) | 5·0 (2·9 to 10·4) | 4·9 (−2·1 to 9·5) | 4·7 (−4·0 to 10·2) | 4·5 (−4·7 to 10·0) | 3·3 (−6·9 to 10·7) | 4·1 (−3·9 to 9·0) |
| Dietary risks | |||||||||||
| Diet low in fruits | 2·8 | 74·5 (53·6 to 92·0) | 83·0 (63·5 to 95·5) | 72·4 (53·1 to 87·0) | 62·5 (44·4 to 77·6) | 73·0 (53·6 to 88·6) | −16·3 (−23·5 to −7·4) | −9·4 (−14·5 to −4·2) | −16·7 (−22·2 to −10·1) | −22·8 (−29·8 to −14·8) | −16·4 (−22·2 to −9·1) |
| Diet low in nuts and seeds | 2·3 | 88·4 (67·6 to 99·3) | 90·2 (70·1 to 99·8) | 65·2 (46·4 to 80·7) | 51·3 (34·9 to 65·5) | 76·4 (56·9 to 89·0) | −3·7 (−6·1 to −0·7) | −0·7 (−1·8 to 0·5) | −23·8 (−29·2 to −17·0) | −30·2 (−36·9 to −22·7) | −12·2 (−15·2 to −8·4) |
| Tobacco use | |||||||||||
| Smoking | 4·5 | 9·0 (7·4 to 11·8) | 10·6 (8·8 to 13·4) | 9·3 (7·7 to 11·9) | 7·2 (5·5 to 9·9) | 9·0 (7·5 to 11·7) | −21·1 (−31·6 to −6·4) | −13·4 (−25·6 to −1·4) | −22·0 (−29·8 to −14·1) | −37·9 (−48·0 to −25·9) | −22·9 (−29·7 to −14·8) |
| Alcohol and drug use | |||||||||||
| Alcohol use | 2·9 | 3·2 (2·3 to 4·0) | 3·6 (2·5 to 4·7) | 4·0 (3·1 to 5·0) | 4·4 (3·1 to 5·8) | 3·6 (2·9 to 4·3) | 70·6 (20·0 to 146·2) | 75·0 (14·0 to 156·5) | 86·8 (35·9 to 155·6) | 95·4 (21·9 to 203·2) | 76·3 (42·4 to 117·4) |
Individual risk factors that contributed to more than 2% of disability-adjusted life-years in India in 2016 are included. DALY=disability-adjusted life-year. ETL=epidemiological transition level.