Table 3. Risk of exposure to PPI for CRC development among various risk groups (reference: PPI use <60 daily defined doses [DDDs]).

				60–180 DDDs				≥ 180 DDDs
		No. of CRC	Person-years	HR	95% CI		P*	HR	95% CI		P*
Total		5,304	2,908,152
Age, years
	40–491	1,535	1,455,233	1.28	0.82	2.02	0.281	1.89	0.47	7.59	0.367
	≥50	3,769	1,452,919	0.91	0.69	1.22	0.537	0.67	0.25	1.79	0.428
Sex
	Female2	1,983	1,369,792	1.16	0.79	1.71	0.448	1.54	0.58	4.11	0.387
	Male	3,321	1,538,360	0.92	0.68	1.26	0.606	0.46	0.11	1.82	0.266
BMI, kg/m2
	<23.03	1,937	1,080,021	1.21	0.83	1.75	0.326	1.88	0.70	5.02	0.207
	≥23.0	3,367	1,828,131	0.89	0.65	1.22	0.474	0.41	0.10	1.64	0.207
Drinking per week
	No4	3,564	2,116,650	1.06	0.79	1.41	0.707	1.20	0.50	2.88	0.685
	Yes (1 or more)	1,706	774,431	0.88	0.56	1.37	0.570	0.36	0.05	2.55	0.306
T2D
	No5	3,991	2,387,718	1.10	0.83	1.46	0.506	1.01	0.42	2.43	0.985
	Yes	1,313	520,434	0.81	0.50	1.30	0.379	0.52	0.07	3.71	0.517
CCI score
	<36	4,222	2,463,313	1.18	0.88	1.57	0.267	1.02	0.38	2.73	0.962
	≥3	1,082	444,839	0.73	0.47	1.14	0.168	0.64	0.16	2.56	0.527
Low-risk combinations
	With any 6 risk factors	5,108	2,683,726	0.95	0.74	1.22	0.712	0.72	0.30	1.72	0.457
	1 & 4	932	995,601	1.66	0.98	2.83	0.060	1.59	0.22	11.32	0.643
	1 & 4 & 5	829	890,306	1.68	0.95	2.98	0.075	1.94	0.27	13.78	0.509
	1 & 4 & 5 & 3	341	381,276	2.72	1.28	5.79	0.009	6.24	0.87	44.59	0.068
	1 & 4 & 5 & 3 & 2	212	245,709	2.84	1.05	7.70	0.040	12.30	1.71	88.23	0.013
	Without any 6 risk factors (1 & 4 & 5 & 3 & 2 & 6)	196	224,425	3.64	1.34	9.85	0.011	15.12	2.10	108.82	0.007

PPI, proton pump inhibitor; CRC, colorectal cancer; DDD, defined daily dose; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; T2D, type 2 diabetes; CCI, Charlson comorbidity index.

*Using Cox proportional hazards regression models with adjustment for all potential confounders listed in Table 2.