TABLE 2. Age-adjusted incidence of overweight- and obesity-related invasive cancer, changes in rates, and estimated percent increase in cancer risk associated with change in BMI, by cancer site and sex — United States,* 2005 and 2014 .
| Cancer site | % | 2005 |
2014 |
2005–2014 |
% Increase in risk for cancer per 1 kg/m2 increase in BMI¶ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rate† (95% CI) | Rate† (95% CI) | % Change in rates | Average annual percent change in rates§ | |||
|
Breast [in postmenopausal women]
|
31 |
90.5 (90.1–91.0) |
92.6 (92.2–93.0) |
2 |
0.2 |
2 |
|
Colon and rectum
|
22 |
49.7 (49.4–49.9) |
38.4 (38.2–38.6) |
-23 |
-2.9§ |
2 |
| Male |
58.1 (57.7–58.5) |
44.1 (43.7–44.4) |
-24 |
-3.1§ |
||
| Female |
43.1 (42.8–43.4) |
33.7 (33.4–34.0) |
-22 |
-2.8§ |
||
|
Kidney (renal cell)
|
9 |
14.4 (14.2–14.5) |
15.4 (15.2–15.5) |
7 |
0.7§ |
5 |
| Male |
19.5 (19.3–19.7) |
20.9 (20.7–21.1) |
7 |
0.7§ |
||
| Female |
10.2 (10.0–10.3) |
10.6 (10.4–10.7) |
4 |
0.4 |
||
|
Endometrium (corpus uterus) (female only)
|
8 |
23.9 (23.7–24.1) |
26.5 (26.3–26.8) |
11 |
1.1§ |
8 |
|
Thyroid
|
8 |
10.3 (10.2–10.4) |
14.4 (14.3–14.6) |
40 |
4.0§ |
1 |
| Male |
5.3 (5.1–5.4) |
7.4 (7.2–7.5) |
40 |
4.0§ |
||
| Female |
15.2 (15.0–15.4) |
21.3 (21.1–21.5) |
40 |
4.0§ |
||
|
Pancreas
|
7 |
11.7 (11.6–11.9) |
12.6 (12.5–12.7) |
7 |
0.8§ |
2 |
| Male |
13.3 (13.1–13.5) |
14.4 (14.2–14.5) |
8 |
0.8§ |
||
| Female |
10.5 (10.3–10.6) |
11.1 (10.9–11.2) |
6 |
0.7§ |
||
|
Multiple myeloma
|
4 |
5.6 (5.5–5.7) |
6.0 (6.0–6.1) |
8 |
1.1 |
2 |
| Male |
6.9 (6.7–7.0) |
7.5 (7.3–7.6) |
9 |
1.2§ |
||
| Female |
4.6 (4.5–4.8) |
4.9 (4.8–5.0) |
6 |
1.1§ |
||
|
Liver
|
4 |
5.5 (5.4–5.6) |
7.0 (7.0–7.1) |
29 |
2.9§ |
5 |
| Male |
8.8 (8.6–8.9) |
11.2 (11.0–11.3) |
28 |
2.9§ |
||
| Female |
2.7 (2.6–2.8) |
3.4 (3.3–3.5) |
26 |
2.5§ |
||
|
Ovary (female only)
|
3 |
13.1 (12.9–13.2) |
11.0 (10.8–11.2) |
-16 |
-2.0§ |
1 |
|
Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus
|
2 |
2.9 (2.8–2.9) |
2.9 (2.8–2.9) |
-1 |
-0.5 |
9 |
| Male |
5.5 (5.4–5.7) |
5.4 (5.2–5.5) |
-3 |
-0.7§ |
||
| Female |
0.8 (0.7–0.8) |
0.8 (0.7–0.8) |
2 |
-0.4 |
||
|
Gastric cardia
|
1 |
1.9 (1.9–2.0) |
2.1 (2.0–2.1) |
8 |
1.2§ |
4 |
| Male |
3.4 (3.3–3.5) |
3.6 (3.5–3.7) |
7 |
1.1§ |
||
| Female |
0.8 (0.7–0.8) |
0.8 (0.8–0.9) |
6 |
0.8§ |
||
|
Gallbladder
|
1 |
1.1 (1.1–1.2) |
1.1 (1.1–1.2) |
-1 |
-0.1 |
5 |
| Male |
0.8 (0.7–0.8) |
0.8 (0.8–0.8) |
3 |
0.1 |
||
| Female |
1.4 (1.4–1.5) |
1.4 (1.3–1.5) |
-1 |
-0.1 |
||
|
Meningioma
|
<1 |
0.1 (0.1–0.2) |
0.1 (0.1–0.1) |
-29 |
-3.8§ |
4 |
| Male |
0.1 (0.1–0.1) |
0.1 (0.1–0.1) |
-17 |
-2.7§ |
||
| Female |
0.2 (0.1–0.2) |
0.1 (0.1–0.1) |
-35 |
-4.0§ |
||
|
All overweight- and obesity-related cancers
|
— |
173 (173–174) |
170 (169–170) |
-2 |
-0.3§ |
— |
|
All overweight- and obesity-related cancers except colorectal cancer
|
— |
123 (123–124) |
132 (131–132) |
7 |
0.8§ |
— |
| Cancers not related to overweight and obesity | — | 306 (305–306) | 267 (267–268) | -13 | -1.4§ | — |
Abbreviations: BMI = body mass index calculated as weight in kilograms/height in meters squared (kg/m2); CI = confidence interval.
* Cancer incidence compiled from cancer registries that meet the data quality criteria for all invasive cancer sites combined for all years during the period 2005 to 2014 (covering 99% of the U.S. population).
† Per 100,000 persons, age-adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population.
§ Significant at p<0.05. Trends were measured with average annual percent change in rates and were considered to increase or decrease if p<0.05; otherwise trends were considered stable.
¶ Based on relative risk estimates from pooled epidemiologic studies (reviewed in http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsr1606602) and in the World Cancer Research Fund Continuous Update Project (http://www.wcrf.org/int/research-we-fund/continuous-update-project-cup).