Table 2.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PATIENTS IN THE HIGH‐HIS AND LOW‐HIS GROUPS
| High‐HIS (n = 9) | Low‐HIS (n = 9) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 44.6 ± 13.1 | 46.6 ± 12.4 | 0.75 |
| Sex (males/females), n (%) | 4 (44.4)/5 (55.6) | 7 (77.8)/2 (22.2) | 0.33 |
| Body height (cm) | 162.0 ± 7.9 | 170.5 ± 11.3 | 0.09 |
| Body weight (kg) | 81.0 ± 17.4 | 87.5 ± 22.4 | 0.51 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 30.7 ± 5.5 | 29.8 ± 5.5 | 0.73 |
| NASH/non‐NASH, n (%) | 1 (11.1)/8 (88.9) | 2 (25.0)/6 (75.0)a | 0.58 |
| Diabetes/no diabetes, n (%) | 2 (22.2)/7 (77.8) | 6 (66.7)/3 (33.3) | 0.15 |
| Glucose‐lowering medications (+/–), n (%) | 0 (0)/9 (100.0) | 3 (33.3)/6 (66.7) | 0.21 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.1 ± 1.0 | 7.0 ± 1.5 | 0.18 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 106.1 ± 6.8 | 140.6 ± 41.7 | 0.052 |
| Fasting plasma insulin (μU/mL) | 13.9 ± 3.2 | 21.4 ± 8.1 | 0.04 |
| HOMA‐IR (mg/dL) × (μU/mL) | 3.6 ± 0.9 | 7.7 ± 3.8 | 0.02 |
| Hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamp data | |||
| Clamped plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 96.0 ± 2.2 | 96.7 ± 6.6 | 0.79 |
| Clamped plasma insulin (μU/mL) | 80.3 ± 9.1 | 74.2 ± 15.7 | 0.33 |
| Clamped glucose infusion rate (mg/fat‐free BW/minute) | 6.3 ± 1.8 | 4.9 ± 2.7 | 0.22 |
| Basal endogenous glucose production (mg/fat‐free BW/minute) | 2.9 ± 0.3 | 2.9 ± 0.5 | 0.87 |
| Clamped endogenous glucose production (mg/fat‐free BW/minute) | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | < 0.01 |
| Clamped percent suppression of endogenous glucose production (%) | 91.1 ± 5.2 | 66.3 ± 7.5 | < 0.01 |
| Clamped glucose disposal rate (mg/fat‐free BW/minute) | 6.5 ± 1.8 | 5.8 ± 2.6 | 0.52 |
| Clamped percent stimulation of glucose disposal rate (%) | 126.1 ± 53.4 | 113.0 ± 115.7 | 0.76 |
| Basal free fatty acid (μEq/L) | 771.1 ± 288.2 | 606.7 ± 124.3 | 0.15 |
| Clamped free fatty acid (μEq/L) | 73.0 ± 33.3 | 140.0 ± 70.9 | 0.03 |
| Clamped percent suppression of free fatty acid (%) | 91.4 ± 3.0 | 80.0 ± 10.9 | 0.01 |
| Adipose tissue‐IR (μEq/L) × (μU/mL) | 9,611.4 ± 4,452.2 | 8,608.6 ± 4,787.3 | 0.65 |
| HMW adiponectin (μg/mL) | 3.4 ± 1.8 | 1.7 ± 0.9 | 0.03 |
| Metabolomics data (relative area) | |||
| Citric acid | 1.4E‐02 ± 1.6E‐03 | 1.1E‐02 ± 1.8E‐03 | < 0.01 |
| Methionine sulfoxide | 4.7E‐04 ± 8.3E‐05 | 3.5E‐04 ± 9.9E‐05 | 0.01 |
| cis‐Aconitic acid | 8.5E‐04 ± 1.5E‐04 | 6.7E‐04 ± 1.2E‐04 | 0.02 |
| Myristoleic acid | 1.5E‐04 ± 6.8E‐05 | 8.6E‐05 ± 2.9E‐05 | 0.02 |
| Fatty acid (19:1) | 2.0E‐05 ± 5.5E‐06 | 1.5E‐05 ± 2.1E‐06 | 0.03 |
| Stachydrine | 2.3E‐03 ± 1.8E‐03 | 8.3E‐04 ± 5.0E‐04 | 0.03 |
| 2‐Aminoisobutyric acid/2‐aminobutyric acid | 6.7E‐03 ± 8.9E‐04 | 8.7E‐03 ± 2.4E‐03 | 0.04 |
| Pregnenolone sulfate | 3.1E‐05 ± 1.3E‐05 | 2.0E‐05 ± 5.4E‐06 | 0.047 |
| Threonine | 2.7E‐02 ± 2.6E‐03 | 3.0E‐02 ± 4.2E‐03 | 0.047 |
| Cholesterol sulfate | 1.6E‐04 ± 3.8E‐05 | 2.2E‐04 ± 5.9E‐05 | 0.048 |
| Succinic acid | 2.7E‐04 ± 4.1E‐05 | 2.2E‐04 ± 6.2E‐05 | 0.049 |
Data are mean ± SD. P values in bold indicate significant difference. Comparisons by Welch's t test and Fisher's exact test (for categorical data).
Analyzed number of subjects is 8. A total of 356 metabolites were detected by metabolomics analysis, and only 11 metabolites were significantly different between the two groups and shown in this table.
Clamped percent suppression of endogenous glucose production (EGP) = (basal EGP – clamped EGP) / (basal EGP) × 100. Clamped percent stimulation of glucose disposal rate (Rd) = (clamped Rd – basal Rd) / (basal Rd) × 100. Percent suppression of free fatty acids (FFA) = (basal FFA – clamped FFA) / (basal FFA) × 100. Adipose tissue‐IR = (fasting plasma free fatty acid) × (fasting plasma insulin).
Abbreviations: BW, body weight; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HOMA‐IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance index; IR, insulin resistance.