Table 4.
PUTATIVE BIOMARKERS, BODY COMPOSITION AND LIPID DISTRIBUTION, AND LIFESTYLES OF THE TWO GROUPS
| High‐HIS (n = 9) | Low‐HIS (n = 9) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Putative blood and urine biomarkers | |||
| Glucagon (pg/mL) | 174 ± 26 | 185 ± 54 | 0.60 |
| Cortisol (U/mL) | 15.6 ± 6.7 | 11.7 ± 4.6 | 0.16 |
| Alanine aminotransferase (IU/L) | 74.3 ± 34.0 | 56.6 ± 18.4 | 0.19 |
| High‐sensitive C‐reactive protein (mg/dL) | 0.34 (0.2,0.4) | 0.17 (0.1,0.6) | 0.93 |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) | 229 ± 164 | 361 ± 222 | 0.19 |
| Procollagen III peptide (U/mL) | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.66 |
| Type IV collagen 7s (ng/mL) | 4.7 ± 0.9 | 5.0 ± 1.0 | 0.48 |
| Hyaluronic acid (ng/mL) | 17.0 (4.5,49.0) | 46.0 (20.0,61.0) | 0.18 |
| Cytokeratin‐18 fragment (U/L) | 583 (245,803) | 458 (393,660) | 1.00 |
| Fetuin‐A (μg/mL) | 260 ± 48 | 280 ± 28 | 0.29 |
| Fibroblast growth factor 21 (pg/mL) | 243 (195,348) | 240 (227,410) | 0.86 |
| Urine 8‐OHdG (ng/mL) | 12.7 ± 8.3 | 17.1 ± 8.6 | 0.29 |
| Body composition and lipid distribution | |||
| Whole body skeletal muscle mass index (kg/m2) | 18.6 ± 3.0 | 20.3 ± 2.7 | 0.21 |
| Whole body fat ratio (%) | 35.5 ± 7.5 | 29.5 ± 7.8 | 0.11 |
| Abdominal visceral fat area (cm2) | 182.1 ± 65.7 | 180.4 ± 56.9 | 0.95 |
| Abdominal subcutaneous fat area (cm2) | 276.0 ± 120.5 | 268.5 ± 117.8 | 0.90 |
| Subcutaneous fat/visceral fat ratio | 1.5 ± 0.6 | 1.6 ± 0.7 | 0.96 |
| Abdomen circumference (cm) | 98.4 ± 13.0 | 103.9 ± 13.4 | 0.41 |
| Intrahepatic lipid content (%) | 28.3 ± 16.1 | 20.4 ± 9.9 | 0.23 |
| Extramyocellular lipid content (S‐fat/Cr) | 29.3 ± 25.1 | 16.6 ± 13.8 | 0.21 |
| Intramyocellular lipid content (S‐fat/Cr) | 6.3 ± 4.2 | 4.2 ± 2.6 | 0.23 |
| Diet | |||
| Total dietary intake (kcal/day) | 1749 ± 634 | 2030 ± 702 | 0.40 |
| Alcohol (g/day) | 0 (0,0) | 0 (0,4.8) | 0.44 |
| Protein intake ratio (%) | 15.5 ± 2.1 | 16.0 ± 2.3 | 0.67 |
| Fat intake ratio (%) | 26.5 ± 5.3 | 28.6 ± 6.1 | 0.48 |
| Carbohydrate intake ratio (%) | 56.0 ± 6.5 | 52.8 ± 8.5 | 0.40 |
| Exercise | |||
| Physical activity (MET[Link] hours/day) | 2.7 ± 1.0 | 4.3 ± 1.9 | 0.06 |
| Total daily energy expenditure (MET[Link] hours/day) | 25.3 ± 3.3 | 27.1 ± 4.2 | 0.34 |
| Sleep | |||
| Morning–Evening Questionnaire score | 54.3 ± 8.0 | 52.3 ± 12.4 | 0.69 |
| Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index | 6.6 ± 4.4 | 6.1 ± 4.7 | 0.85 |
| Sleep time (minutes) | 392.4 ± 56.4 | 440.9 ± 79.1 | 0.18 |
| Well‐being score | 22.7 ± 5.8 | 23.0 ± 4.3 | 0.90 |
| Beck Depression Inventory II | 13.4 ± 12.9 | 10.3 ± 8.9 | 0.56 |
Data are mean ± SD or medians (quartile 1, quartile 3). Comparisons by the Welch's t test or Wilcoxon's rank sum test.
Intake ratio was expressed as calories.
Abbreviations: 8‐OHdG, 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine; MET, metabolic equivalent of task; S‐fat, soluble fat (methylene signal intensity).