Table 5.
Design | Scenariob | Test-negative | Tranditional case-control | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Min | Mean | Max | Min | Mean | Max | ||
Source of biasa | |||||||
None | 1 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
2 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | |
3 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | |
A | 1 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.06 |
2 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.06 | |
3 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.07 | |
B1 | 1 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
2 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | |
3 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | |
B2 | 1 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
2 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.05 | |
3 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.06 | |
B1,B2 | 1 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
2 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.05 | |
3 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.07 | |
BS | 1 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
2 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.04 | |
3 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.06 | |
C | 1 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.05 |
2 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.05 | |
3 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.05 | |
D | 1 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
2 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.06 | |
3 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.06 | |
C,D | 1 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.05 |
2 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.06 | |
3 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.06 | |
B1,B2,C,D | 1 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.05 |
2 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.06 | |
3 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.09 | |
BS,C,D | 1 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.04 |
2 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.03 | |
3 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.04 | |
A,B1,B2,C,D | 1 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.07 |
2 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.14 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.08 | |
3 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.15 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.12 |
aSource of bias: A: Vaccination affects the probability of NFARI
B1: Health status affects the probability of NFARI
B2: Health status affects the probability of FARI
BS: Health status affects the probability of FARI and NFARI, and the risk ratios comparing a healthy and a frail person are the same for both types of ARI
C: Vaccination affects the probability of seeking medical care for FARI, while it does not affect the probability of seeking medical care for NFARI
D: Health status affects the probabilities of seeking medical care against FARI and NFARI
bVaccination Scenarios
1: Random vaccination
2: Healthy person more likely than frail persons to be vaccinated
3: Healthy person less likely than frail persons to be vaccinated