Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of US Men With HF by Race and Ethnicity
| Total (n=1343) | Non‐Hispanic White (n=1047) | Non‐Hispanic Black (n=183) | Hispanic (n=113) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic background | |||||
| Foreign‐born | 7.68 | 4.11 | 2.73 | 49.11 | <0.001 |
| Urban residence | 68.26 | 64.37 | 81.42 | 83.04 | <0.001 |
| Geographic region | |||||
| Northeast | 14.16 | 14.61 | 9.84 | 16.96 | 0.156 |
| Midwest | 26.60 | 29.99 | 20.77 | 4.46 | <0.001 |
| South | 42.85 | 39.64 | 60.66 | 43.75 | <0.001 |
| West | 16.39 | 15.76 | 8.74 | 34.82 | <0.001 |
| Level of education | |||||
| Less than high school | 29.36 | 23.69 | 42.08 | 61.61 | <0.001 |
| High school graduate | 32.86 | 34.38 | 34.43 | 16.07 | |
| More than high school | 37.78 | 41.93 | 23.50 | 22.32 | |
| Household income, median (IQR)a | 31.77 (38.71) | 34.49 (38.14) | 20.80 (36.00) | 16.22 (23.51) | <0.001 |
| No health insurance | 3.43 | 2.77 | 4.37 | 8.04 | 0.011 |
| Psychosocial and behavioral factors | |||||
| Not married | 53.28 | 51.58 | 63.39 | 52.68 | 0.013 |
| Emotional or anxiety problems | 20.42 | 18.91 | 24.56 | 27.68 | 0.029 |
| Smoking history | |||||
| Current smoker | 12.67 | 10.79 | 20.77 | 16.96 | <0.001 |
| Former smoker | 65.57 | 67.34 | 57.38 | 62.50 | 0.025 |
| Alcohol consumption | |||||
| Never drinks | 56.86 | 56.54 | 60.11 | 54.46 | 0.579 |
| Drinks in excess | 6.93 | 7.26 | 4.92 | 7.14 | 0.514 |
| Inadequate exercise | 88.60 | 88.35 | 89.62 | 89.29 | 0.858 |
| Does not take medication(s) | 6.78 | 6.88 | 6.01 | 7.14 | 0.900 |
| Physiological factors | |||||
| Age at diagnosis, mean (SD), y | 71.73 (11.01) | 73.13 (10.54) | 66.90 (11.04) | 66.58 (11.57) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular comorbidity | |||||
| Angina | 47.24 | 46.51 | 45.36 | 57.14 | 0.087 |
| Acute MI | 50.52 | 49.95 | 45.36 | 64.29 | 0.005 |
| Chronic illnesses, mean (SD), No. | 1.74 (1.07) | 1.70 (1.09) | 1.89 (1.00) | 1.86 (0.96) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, mean (SD) | 28.01 (6.01) | 27.80 (5.77) | 28.59 (6.90) | 29.02 (6.50) | <0.001 |
| Any ADL limitations | 38.00 | 36.29 | 40.44 | 50.00 | 0.014 |
| Hospitalizations, mean (SD), No.b | 4.64 (5.95) | 4.66 (6.23) | 4.74 (4.78) | 4.23 (4.98) | 0.838 |
| Follow‐up time, median (IQR), y | 4 (6) | 4 (6) | 4 (6) | 6 (8) | 0.422 |
Values are expressed as percentages unless otherwise indicated. ADL indicates activities of daily living; HF, heart failure; IQR, interquartile range; MI, myocardial infarction; SD, standard deviation.
a
Reported in thousands of dollars.
b
Includes the total number of hospitalizations reported during the study period.