Table 2.
Baseline Characteristics of US Women With HF by Race and Ethnicity
| Total (n=1669) | Non‐Hispanic White (n=1195) | Non‐Hispanic Black (n=344) | Hispanic (n=130) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic background | |||||
| Foreign‐born | 7.55 | 4.52 | 2.03 | 50.00 | <0.001 |
| Urban residence | 69.62 | 64.27 | 80.81 | 89.23 | <0.001 |
| Geographic region | |||||
| Northeast | 13.78 | 14.06 | 12.21 | 15.38 | <0.001 |
| Midwest | 25.40 | 28.45 | 22.38 | 5.38 | <0.001 |
| South | 46.14 | 42.68 | 60.17 | 40.77 | <0.001 |
| West | 14.68 | 14.81 | 5.23 | 38.46 | <0.001 |
| Level of education | |||||
| Less than high school | 37.75 | 32.97 | 43.02 | 67.69 | <0.001 |
| High school graduate | 36.55 | 40.25 | 30.81 | 17.69 | |
| More than high school | 25.70 | 26.78 | 26.16 | 14.62 | |
| Household income, median (IQR)a | 17.37 (21.79) | 19.68 (22.55) | 12.39 (17.25) | 11.29 (11.58) | <0.001 |
| No health insurance | 3.59 | 1.76 | 6.98 | 11.54 | <0.001 |
| Psychosocial and behavioral factors | |||||
| Not married | 77.17 | 78.33 | 79.36 | 60.77 | <0.001 |
| Emotional or anxiety problems | 30.14 | 29.46 | 29.65 | 37.69 | 0.148 |
| Smoking history | |||||
| Current smoker | 11.62 | 10.29 | 15.99 | 12.31 | 0.014 |
| Former smoker | 39.90 | 40.25 | 40.99 | 33.85 | 0.330 |
| Alcohol consumption | |||||
| Never drinks | 78.01 | 77.57 | 77.62 | 83.08 | 0.348 |
| Drinks in excess | 1.20 | 1.00 | 1.74 | 1.54 | 0.503 |
| Inadequate exercise | 94.01 | 93.56 | 94.48 | 96.92 | 0.283 |
| Does not take medication(s) | 6.17 | 6.53 | 5.23 | 5.38 | 0.630 |
| Physiological factors | |||||
| Age at diagnosis, mean (SD), y | 73.91 (12.00) | 76.23 (11.21) | 67.45 (11.51) | 69.65 (12.86) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular comorbidity | |||||
| Angina | 45.00 | 44.52 | 47.38 | 43.08 | 0.578 |
| Acute MI | 36.79 | 36.74 | 35.17 | 41.54 | 0.439 |
| Chronic illnesses, mean (SD), No. | 1.86 (1.05) | 1.82 (1.06) | 1.99 (0.99) | 1.87 (0.99) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, mean (SD) | 28.57 (7.86) | 27.42 (7.13) | 32.12 (8.94) | 29.77 (8.21) | <0.001 |
| Any ADL limitations | 51.59 | 48.45 | 56.1 | 68.46 | <0.001 |
| Hospitalizations, mean (SD), No.b | 4.91 (6.10) | 4.69 (5.84) | 5.76 (7.18) | 4.73 (5.12) | <0.001 |
| Follow‐up time, median (IQR), y | 4 (6) | 4 (6) | 6 (4) | 4 (6) | 0.074 |
Values are expressed as percentages unless otherwise indicated. ADL indicates activities of daily living; HF, heart failure; IQR, interquartile range; MI, myocardial infarction; SD, standard deviation.
a
Reported in thousands of dollars.
b
Includes the total number of hospitalizations reported during the study period.