Table 2.
Cross‐Sectional Correlates of Total Bilirubin
| Partial Correlation r (95% CI)* | Percentage Difference (95% CI) in Total Bilirubin Levels Per 1 SD Higher or Compared With Reference Category of Correlate† | |
|---|---|---|
| Total bilirubin, μmol/L | ··· | ··· |
| Sex | ||
| Female | ··· | Ref |
| Male | ··· | 25% (21, 28)∥ |
| Questionnaire | ||
| Age at survey, y | −0.05 (−0.08, −0.01)‡ | −2% (−3, −1)‡ |
| History of diabetes mellitus | ||
| No | ··· | Ref |
| Yes | ··· | −8% (−23, 12) |
| Smoking status | ||
| Nonsmokers | ··· | Ref |
| Current and former smokers | ··· | −13% (−16, −11)∥ |
| Alcohol consumption | ||
| Nonconsumers | ··· | Ref |
| Current consumers | ··· | 6% (3, 9)§ |
| Parental history of hypertension | ||
| No | ··· | Ref |
| Yes | ··· | −1% (−4, 2) |
| Physical measurements | ||
| BMI, kg/m2 | −0.17 (−0.20, −0.14)∥ | −7% (−8, −6)∥ |
| WHR | −0.14 (−0.17, −0.10)‡ | −7% (−9, −6)∥ |
| SBP, mm Hg | −0.05 (−0.08, −0.02)‡ | −2% (−4, −1)§ |
| DBP, mm Hg | −0.09 (−0.12, −0.06) | −4% (−5, −3)∥ |
| Lipid, metabolic, inflammatory, and renal markers | ||
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | −0.15 (−0.18, −0.12)∥ | −7% (−8, −5)∥ |
| Glucose, mmol/L | −0.09 (−0.12, −0.06)§ | −4% (−5, −3)∥ |
| Fasting insulin, units/mL | −0.21 (−0.24, −0.18)∥ | −8% (−9, −7)∥ |
| HOMA‐IR | −0.21 (−0.24, −0.18)∥ | −8% (−10, −7)∥ |
| hsCRP, mg/L | −0.25 (−0.27, −0.22)∥ | −10% (−11, −9)∥ |
| eGFR, mL/min per 1.73 m2 | −0.01 (−0.04, 0.02) | −1% (−2, 1) |
| UAE, mg/24 h | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.01) | −1% (−2, 1) |
BMI indicates body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate (as calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration combined creatinine‐cystatin C equation); HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA‐IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; hsCRP, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein; Ref, reference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; UAE, urinary albumin excretion; WHR, waist‐to‐hip ratio.
*Partial correlation coefficients between loge total bilirubin and the row variables.
†Percentage change in total bilirubin levels per 1‐SD increase in the row variable (or for categorical variables, the percentage difference in mean total bilirubin levels for the category vs the reference) adjusted for age and sex.
Asterisks indicate the level of statistical significance: ‡ P<0.05; § P<0.01; ∥ P<0.001.