Table 2.
Relative Risks of All‐Cause Mortality With Strength Training and Other Physical Activities: Women's Health Study
| Variable | Physical Activities, Min/Wk | P Value for Linear Trend | P Value for Quadratic Trend | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1–19 | 20–59 | 60–149 | ≥150 | |||
| Strength training | |||||||
| Cases (person‐years) | 2599 (271 749) | 130 (20 224) | 107 (19 319) | 133 (23 035) | 86 (12 515) | ||
| Model 1a | Reference | 0.64 (0.58–0.71) | 0.59 (0.51–0.67) | 0.60 (0.51–0.72) | 0.85 (0.61–1.18) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Model 2b | Reference | 0.75 (0.67–0.84) | 0.76 (0.66–0.87) | 0.87 (0.72–1.04) | 1.20 (0.84–1.72) | 0.84 | <0.001 |
| Model 3c | Reference | 0.73 (0.65–0.82) | 0.71 (0.62–0.82) | 0.81 (0.67–0.97) | 1.10 (0.77–1.56) | 0.36 | <0.001 |
| Aerobic MVPAd | |||||||
| Cases (person‐years) | 415 (22 691) | 684 (61 696) | 286 (36 714) | 404 (58 702) | 1266 (167 040) | ||
| Model 1a | Reference | 0.58 (0.49–0.68) | 0.45 (0.38–0.52) | 0.32 (0.27–0.37) | 0.25 (0.22–0.30) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Model 2b | Reference | 0.65 (0.55–0.76) | 0.55 (0.46–0.65) | 0.41 (0.35–0.49) | 0.34 (0.29–0.40) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Model 3c | Reference | 0.67 (0.56–0.79) | 0.56 (0.47–0.66) | 0.41 (0.35–0.49) | 0.36 (0.31–0.43) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Total PAe | |||||||
| Cases (person‐years) | 352 (18 873) | 607 (54 139) | 296 (34 860) | 427 (56 610) | 1373 (182 361) | ||
| Model 1a | Reference | 0.59 (0.49–0.70) | 0.45 (0.37–0.53) | 0.35 (0.29–0.41) | 0.25 (0.21–0.29) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Model 2b | Reference | 0.65 (0.54–0.78) | 0.53 (0.44–0.64) | 0.43 (0.36–0.51) | 0.31 (0.26–0.37) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Model 3c | Reference | 0.67 (0.56–0.81) | 0.54 (0.45–0.66) | 0.43 (0.36–0.52) | 0.32 (0.27–0.38) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
All values are hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) based on cumulative average models unless otherwise stated. Cases (person‐years) are shown on the basis of the categories of baseline physical activities. MVPA indicates moderate‐to‐vigorous PA; and PA, physical activity.
Model 1 is adjusted for age and trial randomization.
Model 2 is further adjusted for race, education, postmenopausal status, hormone use, smoking status, parental history of myocardial infarction or cancer, alcohol intake, energy intake, saturated fat intake, fiber intake, fruit and vegetable intake, physical examination for screening, and time per week spent in aerobic MVPA (for strength training and vice versa).
Model 3 is further adjusted for body mass index and incidence of hypertension, high cholesterol, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, and cancer before and during follow‐up.
Aerobic MVPA was defined as activities requiring an intensity of at least 3 metabolic equivalents and included nonslow walking, jogging, running, bicycling, tennis, aerobic exercises, lap swimming, other aerobic activities, and stair climbing. Aerobic MVPA was analyzed in the same model with strength training simultaneously.
Total PA additionally included strength training and lower‐intensity activities.