Table 4.
Bivariate Associations Between ECG‐Derived LVH Trajectories and Study Covariates Among Women
| Persistent (n=2069) | New Development (n=4634) | Regression (n=1919) | Variable Pattern (n=3971) | Any LVH (n=12 593) | Persistently Absent (n=95 361) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at index ECG, mean±SD, y | 65.4±12.3 | 63.1±12.9 | 61.1±12.7 | 62.3±12.6 | 62.9±12.7 | 57.2±12.5 |
| Age categories at index ECG, No. (%) | ||||||
| 30–54 y | 440 (21.3) | 1324 (28.6) | 633 (33.0) | 1169 (29.4) | 3566 (28.3) | 43 282 (45.4) |
| 55–64 y | 521 (25.2) | 1110 (24.0) | 528 (27.5) | 1004 (25.3) | 3163 (25.1) | 25 182 (26.4) |
| 65–84 y | 1028 (49.7) | 2096 (45.2) | 710 (37.0) | 1725 (43.4) | 5559 (44.1) | 26 087 (27.4) |
| ≥85 y | 80 (3.9) | 104 (2.2) | 48 (2.5) | 73 (1.8) | 305 (2.4) | 810 (0.8) |
| No. of ECGs, mean±SD | 3.0±1.4 | 3.2±1.3 | 3.0±1.2 | 5.1±1.9 | 3.7±1.8 | 3.2±1.4 |
| Time between index and last ECG, mean±SD, y | 5.9±3.2 | 6.9±3.4 | 6.0±3.2 | 8.1±3.3 | 7.0±3.4 | 6.6±3.3 |
| Smoking status, No. (%) | ||||||
| Never | 1205 (58.2) | 2570 (55.5) | 1060 (55.2) | 2135 (53.8) | 6970 (55.3) | 54 539 (57.2) |
| Former | 431 (20.8) | 1009 (21.8) | 413 (21.5) | 875 (22.0) | 2728 (21.7) | 21 122 (22.1) |
| Current | 139 (6.7) | 355 (7.7) | 170 (8.9) | 319 (8.0) | 983 (7.8) | 8053 (8.4) |
| Quitter in the CAP | 98 (4.7) | 259 (5.6) | 115 (6.0) | 260 (6.5) | 732 (5.8) | 6426 (6.7) |
| New smoker in the CAP | 1 (0.0) | 3 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (0.0) | 24 (0.0) |
| Missing | 195 (9.4) | 438 (9.5) | 160 (8.3) | 382 (9.6) | 1175 (9.3) | 5197 (5.4) |
| Systolic blood pressure | ||||||
| Average, mm Hg | 137.8±14.2 | 135.5±13.6 | 134.5±13.2 | 135.4±13.4 | 135.7±13.6 | 129.4±12.6 |
| Slope (∆ in mm Hg per y) in the CAP | −0.5±3.9 | −0.3±4.0 | −0.4±3.4 | −0.3±3.6 | −0.4±3.8 | −0.1±3.3 |
| Diastolic blood pressure | ||||||
| Average, mm Hg | 74.9±8.8 | 74.6±8.6 | 74.7±8.3 | 74.4±8.3 | 74.6±8.5 | 74.2±7.8 |
| Slope (∆ in mm Hg per y) in the CAP | −0.7±2.1 | −0.6±1.9 | −0.7±1.9 | −0.6±2.2 | −0.6±2.0 | −0.5±2.0 |
| Body mass index | ||||||
| Average, kg/m2 | 31.0±7.5 | 29.9±7.1 | 30.8±7.4 | 30.0±7.2 | 30.2±7.3 | 29.3±6.9 |
| Slope (∆ in kg/m2 per y) in the CAP | −0.2±0.6 | −0.1±0.6 | −0.1±0.9 | −0.1±0.7 | −0.1±0.7 | −0.1±0.6 |
| Total cholesterol | ||||||
| Average, mg/dL | 198.5±34.1 | 202.1±33.7 | 199.1±34.7 | 201.1±33.1 | 200.7±33.7 | 204.6±33.8 |
| Slope (∆ in mg/dL per y) in the CAP | −2.7±7.8 | −2.5±6.5 | −2.8±7.1 | −2.8±5.5 | −2.7±6.6 | −2.0±7.1 |
| HDL cholesterol | ||||||
| Average, mg/dL | 53.5±12.6 | 56.0±14.2 | 54.7±13.8 | 55.4±13.5 | 55.2±13.7 | 56.6±13.8 |
| Slope (∆ in mg/dL per y) in the CAP | 0.1±1.7 | 0.1±1.7 | 0.2±2.3 | 0.1±1.6 | 0.1±1.8 | 0.2±1.8 |
| Diabetes mellitus at any time in the CAP, No. (%) | 450 (21.7) | 883 (19.1) | 500 (26.1) | 803 (20.2) | 2636 (20.9) | 16 350 (17.1) |
| Hypertension at any time in the CAP, n (%) | ||||||
| Diagnosis only | 71 (3.4) | 210 (4.5) | 91 (4.7) | 136 (3.4) | 508 (4.0) | 5273 (5.5) |
| Treatment only | 476 (23.0) | 1111 (24.0) | 381 (19.9) | 1038 (26.1) | 3006 (23.9) | 15 380 (16.1) |
| Both | 1374 (66.4) | 2738 (59.1) | 1278 (66.6) | 2519 (63.4) | 7909 (62.8) | 48 809 (51.2) |
| None | 148 (7.2) | 575 (12.4) | 169 (8.8) | 278 (7.0) | 1170 (9.3) | 25 899 (27.2) |
| Cholesterol‐lowering drugs at any time in the CAP, No. (%) | 1357 (65.6) | 2776 (59.9) | 1222 (63.7) | 2547 (64.1) | 7902 (62.7) | 49 991 (52.4) |
| Chronic kidney disease at any time in the CAP, No. (%) | 1037 (50.1) | 2106 (45.4) | 889 (46.3) | 2094 (52.7) | 6126 (48.6) | 29 191 (30.6) |
| ECG‐derived Cornell product | ||||||
| Average, mm×ms | 3104.2±449.5 | 2334.5±361.2 | 2303.3±282.6 | 2269.6±317.6 | 2435.7±462.3 | 1430.2±348.5 |
| Slope (∆ in mm×ms per y) in the CAP | 36.7±163.2 | 178.4±183.6 | −154.5±156.3 | 33.6±97.0 | 57.7±193.3 | 10.2±83.2 |
CAP indicates covariate ascertainment period; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy.