Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of the Cohort According to Diagnosis of Depression Within 1 Year of Catheterization
| Covariates | Total (N=22 917) | No Depression Within 1 Year (n=20 956) | Depression Within 1 Year (n=1961) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patient‐level factors | ||||
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, y (mean±SD) | 65.6±10.2 | 65.7±10.1 | 65.0±10.7 | 0.007 |
| Female | 5280 (23.0) | 4738 (22.6) | 542 (27.6) | <0.001 |
| Rural | 3363 (14.7) | 3145 (15.0) | 218 (11.1) | <0.001 |
| Incomea | ||||
| 1 | 3919 (17.1) | 3530 (16.8) | 389 (19.8) | 0.006 |
| 2 | 4595 (20.1) | 4211 (20.1) | 384 (19.6) | |
| 3 | 4779 (20.9) | 4362 (20.8) | 417 (21.3) | |
| 4 | 4812 (21.0) | 4412 (21.1) | 400 (20.4) | |
| 5 | 4698 (20.5) | 4332 (20.7) | 366 (18.7) | |
| Medical comorbidities | ||||
| Renal dysfunction | 480 (2.1) | 440 (2.1) | 40 (2.0) | 0.86 |
| PVD | 1526 (6.7) | 1379 (6.6) | 147 (7.5) | 0.12 |
| COPD | 1194 (5.2) | 1078 (5.1) | 116 (5.9) | 0.14 |
| Previous stroke | 241 (1.1) | 211 (1.0) | 30 (1.5) | 0.03 |
| Malignancy | 587 (2.6) | 534 (2.5) | 53 (2.7) | 0.68 |
| Charlson score (mean±SD) | 0.34±0.91 | 0.33±0.91 | 0.39±0.95 | 0.008 |
| Charlson score >0 | 3913 (17.1) | 3531 (16.8) | 382 (19.5) | 0.003 |
| Cardiac risk factors | ||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 9426 (41.1) | 8593 (41.0) | 833 (42.5) | 0.21 |
| Hypertension | 19 070 (83.2) | 17 415 (83.1) | 1655 (84.4) | 0.14 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 17 157 (74.9) | 15 667 (74.8) | 1490 (76.0) | 0.23 |
| Smoking | ||||
| Former smoker | 6501 (28.4) | 5951 (28.4) | 550 (28.0) | 0.74 |
| Current smoker | 4829 (21.1) | 4394 (21.0) | 435 (22.2) | 0.21 |
| CCS angina class | ||||
| 0 | 4228 (18.4) | 3862 (18.4) | 366 (18.7) | 0.17 |
| 1 | 3768 (16.4) | 3428 (16.4) | 340 (17.3) | |
| 2 | 9382 (40.9) | 8599 (41.0) | 783 (39.9) | |
| 3 | 5238 (22.9) | 4802 (22.9) | 436 (22.2) | |
| 4 | 301 (1.3) | 265 (1.3) | 36 (1.8) | |
| Cardiac status/testing | ||||
| LV Function | ||||
| ≥50% | 12 769 (55.7) | 11 611 (55.4) | 1158 (59.1) | 0.01 |
| 35–49% | 1688 (7.4) | 1546 (7.4) | 142 (7.2) | |
| 20–34% | 534 (2.3) | 487 (2.3) | 47 (2.4) | |
| <20% | 144 (0.6) | 128 (0.6) | 16 (0.8) | |
| NA | 7782 (34.0) | 7184 (34.3) | 598 (30.5) | |
| Exercise ECG risk | ||||
| Low risk | 5821 (25.4) | 5349 (25.5) | 472 (24.1) | 0.02 |
| High risk | 7478 (32.6) | 6876 (32.8) | 602 (30.7) | |
| Uninterpretable | 1141 (5.0) | 1042 (5.0) | 99 (5.0) | |
| NA | 8477 (37.0) | 7689 (36.7) | 788 (40.2) | |
| Functional imaging risk | ||||
| Low risk | 5745 (25.1) | 5221 (24.9) | 524 (26.7) | 0.20 |
| High risk | 7850 (34.3) | 7199 (34.4) | 651 (33.2) | |
| Unknown | 9322 (40.7) | 8536 (40.7) | 786 (40.1) | |
| Native stenosisb | ||||
| LM | 2707 (11.8) | 2452 (11.7) | 255 (13.0) | 0.09 |
| Proximal LAD | 6958 (30.4) | 6371 (30.4) | 587 (29.9) | 0.67 |
| Mid/distal LAD | 11 803 (51.5) | 10 766 (51.4) | 1037 (52.9) | 0.20 |
| Circumflex | 11 123 (48.5) | 10 138 (48.4) | 985 (50.2) | 0.12 |
| RCA | 13 063 (57.0) | 11 918 (56.9) | 1145 (58.4) | 0.19 |
| Treatment within 90 d | ||||
| CABG | 6741 (29.4) | 6039 (28.8) | 702 (35.8) | <0.001 |
| MED | 6415 (28.0) | 5918 (28.2) | 497 (25.3) | |
| PCI | 9761 (42.6) | 8999 (42.9) | 762 (38.9) | |
| Hospital‐level factors | ||||
| Availability | ||||
| Cath, PCI, and CABG | 16 908 (73.8) | 15 498 (74.0) | 1410 (71.9) | 0.13 |
| Cath only | 3467 (15.1) | 3153 (15.0) | 314 (16.0) | |
| Cath and PCI only | 2542 (11.1) | 2305 (11.0) | 237 (12.1) | |
| Physician‐level factors | ||||
| Referring physician | ||||
| Cardiology | 12 849 (56.1) | 11 771 (56.2) | 1078 (55.0) | 0.46 |
| GP/FP | 5611 (24.5) | 5109 (24.4) | 502 (25.6) | |
| Other | 4457 (19.4) | 4076 (19.5) | 381 (19.4) | |
| Physician performing cath | ||||
| PCI physician | 10 965 (47.8) | 10 074 (48.1) | 891 (45.4) | 0.03 |
Data are shown as n (%) except as noted. CABG indicates coronary artery bypass grafting; Cath, catheterization; CCS, Canadian Cardiovascular Society; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GP/FP, general practitioner/family physician; LAD, left anterior descending; LM, left main; LV, left ventricular; MED, medical therapy; NA, not done or missing; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; PVD, peripheral vascular disease; RCA, right coronary artery
a
Income quintile: 1, lowest; 5, highest.
b
Significant stenosis ≥70%, except ≥50% stenosis significant for LM.