Table 2.
Patient Characteristics by Race
| Direct Presenter | Transfers | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White | Black | P Value | White | Black | P Value | |
| Demographics | n=14 985 | n=2045 | n=4615 | n=508 | ||
| Age, y | <0.001 | 0.776 | ||||
| Median | 61 | 60 | 60 | 60 | ||
| Q1–Q3 | 53–71 | 52–70 | 52–69 | 51–69 | ||
| Sex, n (%) | 0.896 | 0.531 | ||||
| Male | 10 485 (70.0) | 1428 (69.8) | 3349 (72.6) | 362 (71.3) | ||
| Female | 4500 (30.0) | 617 (30.2) | 1266 (27.4) | 146 (28.7) | ||
| Insurance, n (%) | ||||||
| Private/HMO | 8434 (56.3) | 968 (47.3) | <0.001 | 2625 (56.9) | 258 (50.8) | 0.591 |
| Medicare | 5337 (35.6) | 718 (35.1) | <0.001 | 1609 (34.9) | 171 (33.7) | <0.001 |
| Medicaid | 1414 (9.4) | 224 (11.0) | <0.001 | 448 (9.7) | 45 (8.9) | 0.740 |
| None | 2307 (15.4) | 414 (20.2) | <0.001 | 728 (15.8) | 98 (19.3) | 0.041 |
| Other | 2970 (19.8) | 477 (23.3) | <0.001 | 857 (18.6) | 112 (22.0) | 0.058 |
| Medical history, n (%) | ||||||
| Hypertension | 9766 (65.2) | 1452 (71.0) | <0.001 | 2907 (63.0) | 347 (68.3) | 0.019 |
| Current/recent smoker | 5997 (40.0) | 826 (40.4) | 0.750 | 2046 (44.3) | 201 (39.6) | 0.040 |
| Dyslipidemia | 5211 (34.8) | 721 (35.3) | 0.024 | 1540 (33.4) | 154 (30.3) | 0.005 |
| Chronic lung disease | 916 (6.1) | 96 (4.7) | 0.035 | 323 (7.0) | 17 (3.3) | 0.043 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 3913 (26.1) | 653 (31.9) | <0.001 | 1137 (24.6) | 150 (29.5) | 0.017 |
| Prior MI | 1800 (12.0) | 261 (12.8) | 0.069 | 494 (10.7) | 40 (7.9) | 0.777 |
| Prior heart failure | 488 (3.3) | 85 (4.2) | 0.010 | 131 (2.8) | 11 (2.2) | 0.983 |
| Prior PCI | 1991 (13.3) | 265 (13.0) | 0.687 | 523 (11.3) | 47 (9.3) | 0.656 |
| Prior CABG | 580 (3.9) | 52 (2.5) | 0.008 | 182 (3.9) | 16 (3.1) | 0.878 |
| Presentation | ||||||
| Arrival mode | ||||||
| EMS transport | 9510 (63.3) | 1456 (71.2) | <0.001 | NA | NA | |
| Self‐transport | 5475 (36.7) | 589 (28.8) | 0.869 | NA | NA | |
| Door‐in–door‐out time, min | <0.001 | |||||
| Median | NA | NA | 60 | 73 | ||
| Q1–Q3 | NA | NA | 41–97 | 43–129 | ||
| Symptom onset–FMC, min | 0.983 | 0.036 | ||||
| Median | 63 | 61 | 88 | 106 | ||
| Q1–Q3 | 30.0–161.0 | 30.0–170.0 | 47.0–196.0 | 51.0–254.0 | ||
| ED time (min), n (%) | 0.353 | <0.001 | ||||
| ≤20 | 2594 (17.3) | 323 (15.8) | 391 (8.5) | 62 (12.2) | ||
| >20–≤30 | 2307 (15.4) | 323 (15.8) | 186 (4.0) | 70 (13.8) | ||
| >30–≤45 | 3362 (22.4) | 430 (21.0) | 584 (12.7) | 116 (22.8) | ||
| >45 | 5268 (35.2) | 724 (35.4) | 553 (12.0) | 134 (26.4) | ||
| Shock, n (%) | 1228 (8.2) | 190 (9.3) | 0.094 | 391 (8.5) | 51 (10.0) | 0.237 |
| Heart failure, n (%) | 948 (6.3) | 163 (8.0) | 0.005 | 345 (7.5) | 37 (7.3) | 0.878 |
| Reperfusion candidate, n (%) | 14 321 (95.6) | 1913 (93.5) | 0.006 | 4363 (94.5) | 467 (91.9) | 0.019 |
| Heart rate | 0.002 | 0.027 | ||||
| Median | 80 | 80 | 79 | 80 | ||
| Q1–Q3 | 66–94 | 67–96 | 65–93 | 68–95 | ||
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 0.990 | 0.749 | ||||
| Median | 140 | 140 | 143 | 140 | ||
| Q1–Q3 | 118–161 | 118–160 | 122–163 | 121–164 | ||
| Complications, n (%) | ||||||
| In‐hospital death | 905 (6.0) | 138 (6.7) | 0.210 | 247 (5.4) | 32 (6.3) | 0.372 |
| Stroke | 102 (0.7) | 23 (1.1) | 0.028 | 41 (0.9) | 5 (1.0) | 0.803 |
| Cardiogenic shock | 1152 (7.7) | 186 (9.1) | 0.027 | 330 (7.2) | 47 (9.3) | 0.086 |
| Congestive heart failure | 901 (6.0) | 152 (7.4) | 0.013 | 267 (5.8) | 32 (6.3) | 0.644 |
| Major bleeding | 632 (4.2) | 103 (5.0) | 0.088 | 194 (4.2) | 15 (3.0) | 0.175 |
BP indicates blood pressure; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; ED, emergency department; EMS, emergency medical services; FMC, first medical contact; HMO, health maintenance organization; MI, myocardial infarction; NA, not assessed; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; Q, quarter.