Table 1.
Comparison of patients with and without early bacterial infection.
| CANADIAN DATASET (n = 225) |
SPANISH DATASET (n = 146) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Bacterial infection (n = 30) % (n) or mean ± SD | No bacterial infection (n = 195) % (n) or mean ± SD | p value | Bacterial infection (n = 21) % (n) or mean ± SD | No bacterial infection (n = 125) % (n) or mean ± SD | p value | |
| Demographics and pre-AVH meds and vitals | |||||||
| Male gender | 66.7% (20) | 73.8% (144) | 0.51 | 71.4% (15) | 76.8% (96) | 0.59 | |
| Age (years) | 54.2 ± 14.5 | 54.8 ± 11.4 | 0.80 | 59.8 ± 11.4 | 58.1 ± 13.3 | 0.59 | |
| On oral PPI therapy | 23.3% (7) | 32.8% (64) | 0.40 | 42.9% (9) | 48.8% (61) | 0.65 | |
| On non-selective beta blockers | 3.3% (1) | 11.3% (22) | 0.33 | 47.6% (10) | 59.7% (74) | 0.34 | |
| On outpatient antibiotic prophylaxis (all FQ) | 20% (6) | 3.1% (6) | 0.002 | 28.6% (6) | 16% (20) | 0.21 | |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 113.8 ± 20.2 | 114.2 ± 24.0 | 0.94 | – | – | – | |
| Heart rate | 98.9 ± 17.1 | 96.6 ± 18.5 | 0.53 | – | – | – | |
| Shock | – | – | – | 57% (12) | 32% (40) | 0.046 | |
| Liver disease etiology and severity | |||||||
| Alcohol etiology | 36.7% (11) | 46.2% (90) | 0.43 | 33.3% (7) | 37.6% (47) | 0.81 | |
| HCC | 6.9% (2) | 6.7% (13) | 1.0 | 19% (4) | 12.8%(16) | 0.49 | |
| Ascites on day of bleed | 93.3% (28) | 68.7% (134) | 0.004 | 76.2% (16) | 24% (30) | 0.001 | |
| MELD | 20.3 ± 7.9 | 16.5 ± 6.9 | 0.006 | 16.4 ± 6.3 | 14.6 ± 4.7 | 0.12 | |
| CP score | 10.8 ± 2.2 | 9.2 ± 2.1 | 0.001 | 8.1 ± 2.0 | 7.6 ± 1.6 | 0.19 | |
| Labs | |||||||
| Sodium (mmol/l) | 135.6 ± 8.4 | 136.8 ± 5.6 | 0.31 | 137.7 ± 6.3 | 137.0 ± 5.3 | 0.59 | |
| Peripheral blood leukocytes ( × 109 cells/l) | 13.1 ± 8.1 | 9.9 ± 6.0 | 0.01 | 7.9 ± 3.6 | 6.8 ± 3.5 | 0.16 | |
| INR | 1.7 ± 0.5 | 1.6 ± 0.5 | 0.06 | 1.8 ± 0.7 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 0.02 | |
| Hemoglobin (mmol/l) | 91.0 ± 24.9 | 87.3 ± 22.0 | 0.40 | 89.6 ± 21.6 | 92.1 ± 24.4 | 0.66 | |
| Creatinine (µmol/l) | 124.1 ± 73.2 | 102.1 ± 68.2 | 0.11 | 89.1 ± 32.7 | 102.3 ± 67.8 | 0.38 | |
| Bilirubin (µmol/l) | 149.2 ± 226.3 | 72.9 ± 98.7 | 0.002 | 31.2 ± 20.8 | 35.8 ± 48.3 | 0.67 | |
| Albumin (g/l) | 25.3 ± 7.4 | 26.6 ± 7.5 | 0.37 | 28.0 ± 5.8 | 28.8 ± 5.1 | 0.50 | |
| AVH treatment and outcomes | |||||||
| Failure to control bleeding or re-bleeding within five days | 16.7% (5) | 16.9% (33) | 1.0 | 28.6% (6) | 11.2% (14) | 0.04 | |
| Re-bleeding within six weeks | 33.3% (10) | 22.6% (44) | 0.25 | 38.1% (8) | 17.6% (22) | 0.04 | |
| Six-week mortality | 36.7% (11) | 14.4% (28) | 0.007 | 28.6% (6) | 8% (10) | 0.013 | |
PPI: proton pump inhibitor; FQ: fluoroquinolone; BP: blood pressure; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; MELD: model for end-stage liver disease; CP: Child Pugh score; AVH: acute variceal hemorrhage. Bold indicates p values statistically significant with p < 0.05.