Table 3. Changes in 25(OH)D, PTH, TNF-α, and Bone Metabolism Marker Concentrations.
| Group | Baseline | 3 months | 6 months | P |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time | Group | Time × group | |||||
| 25(OH)D (ng/mL) | MKD | 31.8 ± 6.5 | 31.8 ± 5.0 | 30.2 ± 3.8 | < 0.01 | n.s | < 0.01 |
| CON | 34.7 ± 8.2 | 28.0 ± 7.1†† | 27.9 ± 5.3†† | ||||
| PTH (pg/mL) | MKD | 33.9 ± 10.0 | 29.2 ± 7.3 | 36.9 ± 11.2 | < 0.01 | n.s | 0.06 |
| CON | 30.0 ± 8.5 | 32.0 ± 6.6 | 40.5 ± 8.7 | ||||
| TNF-α (pg/mL) | MKD | 1.08 ± 0.28* | 0.87 ± 0.26 | 0.83 ± 0.30† | n.s | n.s | 0.04 |
| CON | 0.71 ± 0.38 | 0.85 ± 0.29 | 0.71 ± 0.34 | ||||
| CTX (ng/mL) | MKD | 0.66 ± 0.19 | 0.54 ± 0.18 | 0.55 ± 0.18 | 0.04 | n.s | n.s |
| CON | 0.85 ± 0.23 | 0.70 ± 0.25 | 0.76 ± 0.48 | ||||
| BAP (µg/L) | MKD | 15.7 ± 5.5 | 15.3 ± 4.1 | 16.1 ± 3.3 | n.s | n.s | n.s |
| CON | 17.5 ± 9.5 | 17.7 ± 11.1 | 18.2 ± 10.8 | ||||
| BAP/CTX | MKD | 24.8 ± 10.4 | 31.9 ± 17.6 | 33.5 ± 16.4 | < 0.01 | n.s | n.s |
| CON | 20.2 ± 7.3 | 24.7 ± 7.4 | 24.8 ± 6.8 | ||||
Values are represented as mean ± SD. Differences in time (baseline, 3 months, and 6 months) and group (MKD and CON) were evaluated with repeated two-way ANOVAs for biomarkers. *P < 0.05 vs. CON, †P < 0.05, ††P < 0.01 vs. Baseline. BAP/CTX: bone formation to resorption ratio; MKD: vitamin D supplement + low-fat milk group; CON: control group.