. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Mix Methods Res. 2016 Feb 26;12(1):55–74. doi: 10.1177/1558689816633309

Table 2.

Trust Typology, Defining Characteristics, and Supporting Literature.

Trust types	Characteristics	Supporting literature
Critical-reflective trust	Trust that allows for mistakes and where differences can be talked about and resolved	Identification-based: Lewicki and Bunker (1995)
Proxy trust	Partners are trusted because someone who is trusted invited them	Affective and cognitive: McAllister (1995) and Mayer, Davis, and Schoorman (1995) Organizational citizenship: Organ (1988) Relational: Rousseau, Sitkin, Burt, and Camerer (1998) Third-party influences: Deutsch (1958)
Functional trust	Partners are working together for a specific purpose and timeframe, but mistrust may still be present	Reputation: McKnight, Cummings, and Chervany (1998) Familiarity: Webber (2008) Formal agreement: Shapiro (1987) and Sitkin and Roth (1993)
Neutral trust	Partners are still getting to know each other; there is neither trust nor mistrust	Co-alliance: Panteli and Sockalingam (2006) Knowledge-based: Lewicki and Bunker (1995) Calculus-based: Lewicki and Bunker (1995)
Unearned trust	Trust is based on member’s title or role with limited or no direct interaction	Swift trust: Meyerson, Weick, and Kramer (1996) Presumptive: Webb (1996)
Trust deficit (suspicion or mistrust)	Partnership members do not trust each other	Role-based: Barber (1993) Suspicion: Deutsch (1958) and Luhmann (1979) Mistrust: Lewicki (2006) Cynical disposition: Hardin (1996) and Rotter (1971, 1980)