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. 2017 May 31;8(57):97683–97692. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.18313

Figure 2. Regulatory mechanisms of estrogen/estrogen receptors on intestinal epithelial ion transports.

Figure 2

In the duodenal mucosa, estrogen either directly stimulates ER-mediated or potentiates PGE2-mediated epithelial ion transports through Ca2+, PKA or AKT signaling pathways, particularly stimulates duodenal mucosal HCO3- secretion via CFTR and Cl-/HCO3- anion exchanger to protect duodenal mucosa. E2, Estrogen; ER, Estrogen receptor; PGE2, Prostaglandin E2; CFTR, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator; AE, Cl-/HCO3- anion exchanger; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; IP3R, Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor.