Table 1.

Characteristics of adults without previously-diagnosed CVD by low-risk and high-risk levels of emerging CVD risk factors, HCHS/SOL 2008–2011^a

		Inflammation (n=14,623)		Ankle Brachial Index (n=7,892)e
		Low- or moderate-risk CRP	High-risk CRP	Low-risk ABI	High-risk ABI (PAD, arterial stiffness)f	PADf	Arterial Stiffnessf
n; %		9,217; 65.2	5,406; 34.8	7426, 93.7	466; 6.3	328; 4.2	138; 2.1
Age, mean (y)		39.0 (0.26)	42.3 (0.36)*	55.3 (0.16)	59.3 (0.66)*	58.9 (0.71)	60.0 (1.25)*
Females, %		46.0	65.7*	55.2	57.7	69.9	32.8*
Years living in the US, (y)		7.1 (0.55)	7.6 (0.62)*	9.4 (2.6)	8.7 (3.0)*	8.6 (3.0)	9.1 (3.6)*
Marital status
	Single	36.7	31.9*	17.4	18.8*	21.3	14.0*
	Married/Partner	49.5	50.1	55.1	44.4	39.6	54.2
	Divorced/Widowed	13.9	18.0	27.5	36.8	39.2	31.9
Income
	<$30,000	57.8	65.0*	63.0	66.3	65.5	67.9
	≥$30,000	35.4	29.2	31.0	25.2	23.8	28.0
	Missing	6.8	5.8	6.1	8.5	10.6	4.1
Family history of CHD, %		25.5	29.8*	39.7	44.9	49.7	35.1*
Health insurance, %		48.0	49.6	54.0	58.6	53.0	70.4*
Use of NSAID, %		13.4	18.6*	19.4	16.2	13.8	21.2
Cigarettes packs per year
>0 and <10 years		23.4	22.2*	19.2	17.3*	20.6	10.5*
≥10 years		12.3	15.2	25.2	32.7	37.8	22.0
Physical activityb
	High	15.1	11.3*	8.9	5.4*	4.0	8.1*
	Moderate	47.0	41.6	42.3	35.6	36.3	34.2
	Low	37.8	47.1	48.8	59.0	59.6	57.7
Center
	Bronx	26.4	29.2*	24.8	26.6*	23.8	32.3*
	Chicago	16.6	15.5	13.5	10.7	6.6	19.1
	Miami	28.2	31.5	35.8	47.0	54.6	31.6
	San Diego	28.9	23.7	25.9	15.7	15.0	17.0
Ethnic Background
	Mexican	41.1	34.8*	33.5	22.0*	18.3	29.6*
	Puerto Rican	13.7	17.3	17.1	18.1	17.5	19.4
	Cuban	18.7	21.7	25.8	38.0	42.4	29.2
	Dominican	9.4	10.7	8.9	6.6	6.2	7.4
	Central American	7.8	7.1	6.7	6.7	6.7	6.7
	South American	5.5	4.2	5.8	6.8	6.4	7.6
	Other/Mixed	3.9	4.2	2.2	1.8	2.5	0.24
AHEI scorec
	Mean (SD)	40.3 (0.29)	38.7 (0.32)*	41.3 (0.91)	39.5 (1.0)*	38.9 (1.0)	40.9 (1.2)*
Cardiometabolic risk factorsd
	Hypertension	18.1	28.2*	42.0	61.8*	64.6	56.1*
	Hypercholesterolemia	37.1	48.0*	52.1	61.3*	60.0	64.0*
	Diabetes	10.3	19.8*	24.1	37.3*	33.3	45.4*
	Obesity	25.9	62.1*	40.1	47.8*	41.8	59.9*

^aAll analyses were weighted to adjust for sampling probability of selection and non-response. Except for age, all data is shown as percent or age-adjusted mean (41.1y for CRP and 55.6 for ABI) and 95% confidence interval. High-risk CRP was defined as >3.0 mg/L; high-risk ABI was defined as ≤0.90 or ≥1.40. High-risk ABI was further classified as PAD (ABI ≤0.90) or arterial stiffness (≥1.40). Participants were excluded if they had pre-existing coronary heart disease or cerebrovascular disease as defined by abnormalities detected in ECG report, or self-report of angina, heart attack, stroke, mini-stroke or transient ischemic attack, or procedure in the heart or to the arteries of the neck. Additionally, participants with self-reported PAD were excluded from the ABI subgroup analysis. Abbreviations: ABI, ankle brachial index; AHEI, alternate healthy eating index; CHD, coronary heart disease; CRP, C-reactive protein; NSAID, Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs; PAD, peripheral artery disease.

^bPhysical activity was assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Self-reported hours of sedentary behavior and activity at work, travel, and leisure were converted into METs (Metabolic Equivalent), and categorized as high, moderate, or low levels, as based on number of days spent doing physical activity at each designated intensity level.

^cAHEI is a score comprised of 11 food and nutrient components, ranging from 0−110 (unhealthiest to healthiest diet quality).

^dHypertension defined as blood pressure ≥140/90 or use of medication. Hypercholesterolemia was defined as total cholesterol≥240mg/dL or LDL≥160mg/dL, or HDL<40mg/dL, or use of lipid-lowering medication. Diabetes was defined as fasting glucose >125 mg/dL, or post-oral glucose tolerance test >199 mg/dL or A1C>6.5%, or self-reported diabetes, or use of high blood sugar/diabetes medications. Obesity was defined as BMI>30kg/m².

^eABI was measured only among participants aged ≥45y.

^fContrasted to low-risk ABI.

^*p<0.05.