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. 2017 Dec 8;7:17226. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-17491-y

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Changes in photosynthetic area and net photosynthetic rate (Pn) in response to different nitrogen applications. (a) leaf area; (b) net photosynthetic rate. OFA: optimized nitrogen fertilizer application; TFA: traditional nitrogen fertilizer application; N90: total nitrogen application rate of 90 kg ha⁻¹; N180: total N application rate of 180 kg ha⁻¹; AH: after heading stage; Pn: net photosynthetic rate; * and ** indicate significant difference of the two nitrogen treatments at 0.05 and 0.01 probability levels, respectively.