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. 2017 Dec 8;7:17262. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-16947-5

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Evolutionary trajectory of the PDI/RhoGDI gene cluster across the animal phylogeny. The emergence of the gene cluster dates back to the last common ancestor shared between bilateria and the cnidarians (N. vectensis). In earlier branching animal, e.g. sponges (A. queenslandica) or ctenophores (not shown), orthologs to the participating genes are unlinked. In the arthropods, represented by D. melanogaster, the cluster has been disrupted. Two subsequent rounds of cluster duplications in the last common ancestor of the vertebrates gave rise to the three contemporary paralogous gene clusters. The tree topology follows the accepted animal phylogeny, the vertebrate subtrees are arranged according to Supplementary Figure 1 (maximum likelihood PDI family tree). H. sapiens – Sarcopterygii; L. oculatus – Actinopterygii; C. milii – Chondrichthyes; S. purpuratus – Echinodermata; C. elegans – Nematoda; D. melanogaster – Arthropoda; N. vectensis – Cnidaria; A. queenslandica – Porifera. The genomic localizations in the individual species are given next to the cluster representation. In D. melanogaster, the two genes reside on the same chromosome, yet at a distance of >1 Mb.