Table 3.
Association between modifiable risk factors and GBD (HRa and 95% CI) by race/ethnicity
| NH-White N = 2600 | African American N = 2469 |
Native Hawaiian N = 511 |
Japanese American N = 3133 |
Latino US born N = 2398 |
Latino Mexico/SA born N = 2326 |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
| < 25 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| 25 - < 30 | 1.30 (1.19–1.43) | 1.21 (1.08–1.36) | 1.27 (0.99–1.63) | 1.37 (1.26–1.48) | 1.20 (1.08–1.34) | 1.29 (1.15–1.44) |
| ≥ 30 | 1.68 (1.50–1.87) | 1.56 (1.39–1.75) | 1.62 (1.26–2.10) | 1.73 (1.51–1.99) | 1.56 (1.39–1.75) | 1.74 (1.54–1.97) |
| P trend | <.0001 | <.0001 | 0.0002 | <.0001 | <.0001 | <.0001 |
| Diabetes | ||||||
| No | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| Yes | 1.35 (1.16–1.57) | 1.58 (1.43–1.76) | 1.33 (1.04–1.72) | 1.27 (1.14–1.42) | 1.57 (1.41–1.74) | 1.47 (1.31–1.64) |
| Smoking (pack-years) | ||||||
| Never | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| Past, < 20 | 1.03 (0.93–1.14) | 1.17 (1.06–1.29) | 1.00 (0.80–1.25) | 1.11 (1.02–1.22) | 1.12 (1.01–1.23) | 1.07 (0.96–1.19) |
| Past, ≥ 20 | 1.10 (0.97–1.24) | 1.32 (1.13–1.55) | 0.93 (0.68–1.28) | 1.34 (1.19–1.51) | 1.09 (0.91–1.31) | 1.38 (1.11–1.71) |
| Current, <20 | 1.33 (1.11–1.59) | 1.26 (1.10–1.44) | 1.06 (0.75–1.51) | 1.05 (0.87–1.27) | 1.10 (0.94–1.29) | 1.11 (0.95–1.30) |
| Current, ≥ 20 | 1.30 (1.12–1.50) | 1.50 (1.27–1.77) | 0.87 (0.61–1.24) | 1.3 (1.1–1.54) | 1.38 (1.12–1.69) | 0.90 (0.66–1.21) |
| P trend | <.0001 | <.0001 | 0.5831 | <.0001 | 0.0055 | 0.1849 |
| Alcohol intake (ethanol g/day) | ||||||
| 0 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| < 24 | 0.86 (0.78–0.94) | 0.89 (0.81–0.98) | 0.94 (0.76–1.16) | 0.93 (0.86–1.01) | 0.89 (0.81–0.98) | 0.84 (0.76–0.93) |
| 24- ≤ 48 | 0.82 (0.71–0.95) | 0.94 (0.76–1.16) | 1.05 (0.71–1.56) | 0.83 (0.7–0.99) | 0.77 (0.63–0.94) | 0.74 (0.57–0.94) |
| > 48 | 0.83 (0.69–1.00) | 1.16 (0.93–1.46) | 0.77 (0.45–1.32) | 0.70 (0.52–0.93) | 0.82 (0.65–1.03) | 0.87 (0.65–1.16) |
| P trend | 0.0011 | 0.5926 | 0.4816 | 0.0016 | 0.0016 | 0.0008 |
| Vigorous activity (hrs/day) | ||||||
| 0 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| > 0- ≤ 0.21 | 0.91 (0.81–1.03) | 0.96 (0.85–1.07) | 1.20 (0.91–1.59) | 0.91 (0.82–1.01) | 0.87 (0.77–0.99) | 0.79 (0.69–0.91) |
| > 0.21- ≤ 0.46 | 0.88 (0.77–1.00) | 0.80 (0.69–0.93) | 1.10 (0.83–1.46) | 1.05 (0.94–1.18) | 0.94 (0.82–1.07) | 0.79 (0.68–0.92) |
| > 0.46 | 0.79 (0.71–0.89) | 0.68 (0.59–0.80) | 0.96 (0.75–1.24) | 0.92 (0.82–1.03) | 0.97 (0.86–1.09) | 0.80 (0.71–0.91) |
| P trend | <.0001 | <.0001 | 0.7369 | 0.3474 | 0.4939 | 0.0001 |
| Parityb | ||||||
| 0 children | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| 1 child | 1.12 (0.91–1.37) | 1.13 (0.94–1.35) | 1.26 (0.61–2.60) | 1.04 (0.84–1.29) | 1.19 (0.88–1.62) | 0.89 (0.66–1.20) |
| 2–3 children | 1.11 (0.95–1.31) | 1.01 (0.86–1.19) | 0.97 (0.55–1.72) | 1.14 (0.97–1.34) | 1.00 (0.79–1.27) | 0.89 (0.70–1.12) |
| ≥ 4 children | 1.09 (0.91–1.29) | 1.12 (0.95–1.32) | 1.14 (0.65–1.99) | 1.14 (0.94–1.37) | 1.15 (0.92–1.45) | 1.08 (0.87–1.33) |
| P trend | 0.4436 | 0.3186 | 0.6047 | 0.0987 | 0.1931 | 0.0851 |
| Age at first live birth (years)b | ||||||
| No children | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| ≤ 20 | 1.20 (1.00–1.44) | 1.04 (0.89–1.22) | 1.19 (0.68–2.10) | 1.09 (0.86–1.38) | 1.10 (0.87–1.39) | 0.99 (0.79–1.23) |
| 21–30 | 1.07 (0.91–1.25) | 1.06 (0.90–1.24) | 0.94 (0.54–1.65) | 1.15 (0.98–1.34) | 1.07 (0.85–1.34) | 0.99 (0.80–1.23) |
| > 30 | 0.98 (0.76–1.27) | 1.14 (0.87–1.50) | 1.03 (0.40–2.67) | 1.11 (0.89–1.38) | 1.10 (0.76–1.60) | 0.97 (0.72–1.30) |
| P trend | 0.6757 | 0.3744 | 0.2289 | 0.1600 | 0.8651 | 0.9194 |
| Ever used birth controlb | ||||||
| No | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| Yes | 1.11 (0.98–1.25) | 1.01 (0.89–1.13) | 0.80 (0.59–1.08) | 1.10 (0.96–1.25) | 1.02 (0.89–1.17) | 1.06 (0.92–1.21) |
| Menopausal Hormone Useb | ||||||
| Never users | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| Past users | 0.94 (0.81–1.10) | 0.95 (0.84–1.08) | 0.90 (0.63–1.28) | 1.03 (0.88–1.20) | 1.09 (0.93–1.27) | 0.89 (0.75–1.04) |
| Current estrogen only | 1.24 (1.07–1.43) | 1.14 (0.98–1.34) | 0.83 (0.55–1.24) | 1.06 (0.92–1.23) | 0.94 (0.79–1.13) | 1.14 (0.92–1.40) |
| Current estrogen + progesterone | 1.23 (1.06–1.42) | 1.14 (0.93–1.39) | 0.85 (0.57–1.27) | 0.97 (0.84–1.11) | 1.07 (0.88–1.28) | 0.96 (0.76–1.21) |
aHR stratified by set number (defined by matching factors: birth year, ethnicity, study area, duration of Medicare enrollment—for cases identified from Medicare) and adjusted for smoking-pack years (never, past <20, past ≥20, current <20, current ≥20), alcohol intake (0, <24, 24- ≤ 48, >48 ethanol g/day), body mass index (<25, 25- < 30, 30+ kg/m2), diabetes (no/yes), and education (≤ High School, some college, ≥college graduate)
bFemales only