Table 4.
Associations between selected dietary factors and GBD by sex
| Men | Women | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. Cases | HRa(95% CI) | No. Cases | HRa(95% CI) | |
| Dietary Fiber (g/1000 kcal/day) | ||||
| ≤ 9.0 | 1723 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1409 | 1.00 (ref.) |
| > 9.0 – ≤ 11.6 | 1587 | 1.00 (0.93–1.08) | 1912 | 0.96 (0.90–1.04) |
| > 11.6 – ≤ 14.8 | 1300 | 0.91 (0.84–0.98) | 2142 | 0.88 (0.81–0.94) |
| > 14.8 | 1048 | 0.80 (0.74–0.88) | 2316 | 0.81 (0.75–0.87) |
| P trend | < .0001 | < .0001 | ||
| Total Vegetables (g/1000 kcal/day) | ||||
| ≤ 109.3 | 1744 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1569 | 1.00 (ref.) |
| > 109.3 – ≤ 150.1 | 1582 | 1.00 (0.93–1.07) | 1788 | 0.96 (0.89–1.03) |
| > 150.1 – ≤ 202.6 | 1298 | 0.89 (0.82–0.96) | 2084 | 0.96 (0.89–1.02) |
| > 202.6 | 1034 | 0.85 (0.78–0.92) | 2338 | 0.89 (0.83–0.95) |
| P trend | < .0001 | 0.0007 | ||
| Total Fruits (g/1000 kcal/day) | ||||
| ≤ 78.9 | 1741 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1591 | 1.00 (ref.) |
| > 78.9 – ≤ 145.9 | 1558 | 0.93 (0.87–1.00) | 1723 | 0.91 (0.84–0.97) |
| > 145.9 – ≤ 239.8 | 1307 | 0.89 (0.82–0.96) | 2128 | 0.93 (0.87–1.00) |
| > 239.8 | 1052 | 0.93 (0.85–1.01) | 2337 | 0.85 (0.80–0.91) |
| P trend | 0.0216 | <.0001 | ||
| Red Meat (g/1000 kcal/day) | ||||
| ≤ 14.3 | 1022 | 1.00 (ref.) | 2087 | 1.00 (ref.) |
| > 14.3 – ≤ 24.4 | 1305 | 1.07 (0.98–1.17) | 2057 | 1.08 (1.01–1.15) |
| > 24.4 – ≤ 36.1 | 1528 | 1.08 (0.99–1.17) | 1860 | 1.13 (1.06–1.21) |
| > 36.1 | 1803 | 1.13 (1.04–1.23) | 1775 | 1.23 (1.15–1.31) |
| P trend | 0.0055 | <.0001 | ||
| % Calories from Saturated Fat | ||||
| ≤ 7.1 | 1269 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1878 | 1.00 (ref.) |
| > 7.1 – ≤ 8.9 | 1433 | 1.12 (1.04–1.21) | 1875 | 1.02 (0.96–1.10) |
| > 8.9 – ≤ 10.8 | 1423 | 1.09 (1.00–1.18) | 1962 | 1.11 (1.04–1.19) |
| > 10.8 | 1533 | 1.14 (1.04–1.24) | 2064 | 1.20 (1.12–1.29) |
| P trend | 0.0134 | < .0001 | ||
| Cholesterol (mg/1000 kcal/day) | ||||
| ≤ 77.8 | 1241 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1925 | 1.00 (ref.) |
| > 77.8 – ≤ 101.7 | 1383 | 1.06 (0.98–1.15) | 1937 | 1.06 (0.99–1.13) |
| > 101.7 – ≤ 128.7 | 1456 | 1.08 (1.00–1.17) | 1966 | 1.14 (1.06–1.22) |
| > 128.7 | 1578 | 1.06 (0.98–1.15) | 1951 | 1.22 (1.14–1.31) |
| P trend | 0.1823 | < .0001 | ||
| % Calories from Carbohydrate | ||||
| ≤ 46.1 | 1619 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1676 | 1.00 (ref.) |
| > 46.1 – ≤ 52.1 | 1494 | 1.00 (0.93–1.08) | 1907 | 0.94 (0.88–1.01) |
| > 52.1 – ≤ 58.2 | 1327 | 0.98 (0.90–1.06) | 2083 | 0.91 (0.85–0.97) |
| > 58.2 | 1218 | 0.99 (0.91–1.09) | 2113 | 0.86 (0.80–0.93) |
| P trend | 0.7258 | < .0001 | ||
aHR stratified by set number (defined by matching factors: birth year, sex, ethnicity, study area, duration of Medicare enrollment) and adjusted for smoking-pack years (never, past <20, past ≥20, current <20, current ≥20), alcohol intake (0, <24, 24- ≤ 48, >48 ethanol g/day), body mass index (<25, 25- < 30, 30+ kg/m2), diabetes (no/yes), calories, and education (≤ High School, some college, ≥college graduate)