Table 5.
Associations between selected dietary factors and GBD (HRa and 95% CI) by race/ethnicity
| NH-White N = 2600 |
African American N = 2469 |
Native Hawaiian N = 511 |
Japanese American N = 3133 |
Latino US born N = 2398 |
Latino Mexico/SA born N = 2326 |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Fiber (g/1000 kcal/day) | ||||||
| ≤ 9.0 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| > 9.0 – ≤ 11.6 | 0.91 (0.82–1.03) | 0.90 (0.80–1.01) | 0.84 (0.66–1.07) | 1.04 (0.94–1.14) | 1.11 (0.97–1.27) | 0.98 (0.83–1.16) |
| > 11.6 – ≤ 14.8 | 0.92 (0.82–1.03) | 0.82 (0.73–0.93) | 0.79 (0.60–1.03) | 0.99 (0.89–1.10) | 0.94 (0.82–1.08) | 0.80 (0.68–0.94) |
| > 14.8 | 0.75 (0.66–0.85) | 0.78 (0.68–0.88) | 0.83 (0.62–1.12) | 0.85 (0.76–0.96) | 0.89 (0.77–1.02) | 0.78 (0.67–0.91) |
| P trend | < .0001 | < .0001 | 0.1166 | 0.0146 | 0.0033 | < .0001 |
| Total Vegetables (g/1000 kcal/day) | ||||||
| ≤ 109.3 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| > 109.3 – ≤ 150.1 | 1.03 (0.92–1.15) | 0.99 (0.89–1.10) | 0.91 (0.70–1.18) | 1.02 (0.92–1.13) | 0.89 (0.79–1.00) | 0.94 (0.82–1.09) |
| > 150.1 – ≤ 202.6 | 0.91 (0.81–1.02) | 0.88 (0.78–0.99) | 1.02 (0.78–1.33) | 0.98 (0.88–1.09) | 0.91 (0.81–1.03) | 0.92 (0.80–1.05) |
| > 202.6 | 0.86 (0.76–0.97) | 0.88 (0.78–0.99) | 0.94 (0.71–1.23) | 0.93 (0.83–1.04) | 0.83 (0.74–0.94) | 0.85 (0.74–0.97) |
| P trend | 0.0024 | 0.0094 | 0.8386 | 0.1317 | 0.0079 | 0.0085 |
| Total Fruits (g/1000 kcal/day) | ||||||
| ≤ 78.9 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| > 78.9 – ≤ 145.9 | 0.85 (0.76–0.95) | 0.83 (0.74–0.94) | 1.03 (0.80–1.33) | 0.93 (0.84–1.04) | 1.08 (0.96–1.21) | 0.89 (0.78–1.00) |
| > 145.9 – ≤ 239.8 | 0.81 (0.72–0.91) | 0.92 (0.82–1.04) | 0.96 (0.73–1.26) | 0.94 (0.85–1.05) | 1.02 (0.90–1.15) | 0.90 (0.79–1.02) |
| > 239.8 | 0.85 (0.76–0.96) | 0.83 (0.74–0.94) | 0.76 (0.57–1.02) | 0.93 (0.84–1.04) | 1.02 (0.90–1.16) | 0.78 (0.69–0.88) |
| P trend | 0.0076 | 0.0245 | 0.0586 | 0.3021 | 0.9962 | 0.0002 |
| Red Meat (g/1000 kcal/day) | ||||||
| ≤ 14.3 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| > 14.3 – ≤ 24.4 | 1.06 (0.95–1.18) | 1.12 (1.00–1.27) | 0.88 (0.66–1.18) | 1.06 (0.96–1.18) | 1.08 (0.94–1.23) | 1.10 (0.97–1.25) |
| > 24.4 – ≤ 36.1 | 1.18 (1.06–1.32) | 1.08 (0.95–1.22) | 0.91 (0.69–1.22) | 1.15 (1.04–1.27) | 1.06 (0.93–1.21) | 1.09 (0.96–1.24) |
| > 36.1 | 1.13 (1.00–1.28) | 1.32 (1.17–1.49) | 1.20 (0.91–1.58) | 1.16 (1.04–1.30) | 1.15 (1.01–1.30) | 1.13 (1.00–1.28) |
| P trend | 0.0100 | < .0001 | 0.1033 | 0.0024 | 0.0545 | 0.0934 |
| % Calories from Saturated Fat | ||||||
| ≤ 7.1 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| > 7.1 – ≤ 8.9 | 1.02 (0.91–1.15) | 1.03 (0.90–1.18) | 1.16 (0.91–1.49) | 1.07 (0.98–1.17) | 1.11 (0.95–1.29) | 1.08 (0.94–1.25) |
| > 8.9 – ≤ 10.8 | 1.07 (0.95–1.20) | 1.08 (0.95–1.23) | 1.01 (0.77–1.32) | 1.11 (1.00–1.23) | 1.18 (1.02–1.36) | 1.14 (0.99–1.30) |
| > 10.8 | 1.13 (1.00–1.27) | 1.18 (1.04–1.35) | 1.06 (0.78–1.42) | 1.09 (0.93–1.27) | 1.20 (1.04–1.39) | 1.27 (1.11–1.46) |
| P trend | 0.0361 | 0.0039 | 0.9779 | 0.0452 | 0.0104 | 0.0003 |
| Cholesterol (mg/1000 kcal/day) | ||||||
| ≤ 77.8 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| > 77.8 – ≤ 101.7 | 1.05 (0.94–1.18) | 1.09 (0.95–1.26) | 0.94 (0.72–1.23) | 1.09 (1.00–1.19) | 1.09 (0.96–1.25) | 1.04 (0.91–1.18) |
| > 101.7 – ≤ 128.7 | 1.08 (0.97–1.21) | 1.19 (1.04–1.36) | 1.15 (0.88–1.50) | 1.03 (0.93–1.14) | 1.24 (1.10–1.41) | 1.08 (0.96–1.23) |
| > 128.7 | 1.18 (1.05–1.33) | 1.20 (1.05–1.36) | 1.30 (0.99–1.70) | 1.10 (0.98–1.23) | 1.16 (1.02–1.32) | 1.14 (1.01–1.30) |
| P trend | 0.0069 | 0.0043 | 0.0252 | 0.1768 | 0.0115 | 0.0271 |
| % Calories from Carbohydrate | ||||||
| ≤ 46.1 | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.00 (ref.) |
| > 46.1 – ≤ 52.1 | 0.99 (0.88–1.10) | 0.89 (0.80–0.99) | 0.89 (0.66–1.20) | 1.03 (0.89–1.19) | 1.12 (1.00–1.25) | 0.88 (0.78–1.00) |
| > 52.1 – ≤ 58.2 | 0.94 (0.84–1.06) | 0.92 (0.82–1.03) | 0.92 (0.69–1.24) | 1.00 (0.86–1.15) | 1.01 (0.90–1.15) | 0.84 (0.74–0.96) |
| > 58.2 | 0.90 (0.80–1.03) | 0.89 (0.78–1.01) | 0.93 (0.69–1.26) | 0.96 (0.83–1.11) | 1.01 (0.88–1.16) | 0.82 (0.71–0.93) |
| P trend | 0.0891 | 0.0767 | 0.8459 | 0.2587 | 0.8483 | 0.0028 |
aHR stratified by matching factors (birth year, ethnicity, study area, duration of Medicare enrollment) and adjusted for smoking-pack years (never, past < 20, past ≥ 20, current < 20, current ≥ 20), alcohol intake (0, < 24, 24- ≤ 48, > 48 ethanol g/day), body mass index (< 25, 25- < 30, 30+ kg/m2), diabetes (no/yes), calories, and education (≤ High School, some college, ≥ college graduate