Figure 4.

Publication bias assessment via funnel plot (A) and Egger’s test (B) for the impact of LABA/LAMA FDCs on cardiovascular SAEs in COPD patients, versus respective monocomponents.

Note: *P<0.1.

Abbreviations: A, aclidinium; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; F, formoterol; FDCs, fixed-dose combinations; G, glycopyrronium; I, indacaterol; LABA, long-acting β₂-agonist; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic antagonists; O, olodaterol; OR, odds ratio; SAEs, serious adverse events; SND, standard normal deviate; T, tiotropium; U, umeclidinium; V, vilanterol.