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. 2017 Dec 6;23:889–899.

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Copyright © 2017 Molecular Vision.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, used for non-commercial purposes, and is not altered or transformed.

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Validation of macrophage polarization. QPCR was done using markers for the phenotype of M1 and M2 macrophages. Panels A and B show expression levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF α) and interleukin 12 (IL-12) markers for M1 polarization, while Panel C shows expression levels of mannose receptor C-type 1(MRC1), a marker for M2 polarization. Accordingly, M1 macrophages showed higher mRNA levels of TNFα and IL-12 compared with M2 macrophages (A, B). M2 macrophages demonstrated increased mRNA levels of MRC1 compared with M1 cells (C). *=p<0.01. Panel D indicates M1 macrophage morphology via inverted microscope at 40x magnification, and Panel E indicates M2 macrophage morphology.