Table 3.

Factors involved in the regulation of EAATs and TJs.

Factors involved	In vivo/In vitro studies	Effects	Reference
EAATs
Glutamate and kainite	In vitro	↑ GLAST protein expression without mRNA change	Gegelashvili et al., 1996
L-DOPA	In vivo	↑ GLT-1expression	Robelet et al., 2004
Ceftriaxone	In vitro	↑ EAAT2 expression	Lee S.G. et al., 2008
Arundic acid	In vivo/In vitro	↑ EAAT1 expression ↑ EAAT1 activity (phosphorylation)	Yanagisawa et al., 2015; Karki et al., 2017
Hypertonic stress	In vitro	↑ EAAC1 activity (glycosylation)	Ferrer-Martinez et al., 1995
Amphetamine	In vitro	↑ EAAT3 endocytosis	Underhill et al., 2014
TJs
Ca2+	In vitro	↑ migration of ZO-1	Stevenson and Begg, 1994
Insulin	In vivo/In vitro	↑ TJs integrity	Sun et al., 2015; Ito et al., 2017
Dexmedetomidine	In vivo/In vitro	↑ ZO-1 and Occludin expression	Hue et al., 2015; Liu et al., 2015
IFN-γ	In vivo/In vitro	↓ TJs protein expression	Chai et al., 2014; Haroon et al., 2014
Glutamate	In vivo	↑ BBB permeability	Vazana et al., 2016
A2AR	In vivo	↓ TJs protein expression	Li et al., 2009; Carman et al., 2011

A_2AR, adenosine 2A receptor; EAATs, glutamate transporters; L-DOPA, 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-L-alanine; TJs, tight junctions.