Table 1.

Synthesis and applications of nanoceria.

S. no	Synthesis route	Size	Applications	Reference
1	co-precipitation method	20 nm (TEM and XRD)	–	[24]
2	Commercial nanoceria	8nmto 20 nm (TEM)	molecular mechanism of cytotoxicity on lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cells	[55]
3	hydrothermal process	3.1 nm (TEM)	High oxidation activity	[34]
4	Fungal culture filtrate of Curvularia lunata	5 to 20 nm (TEM)	Antibacterial activity against Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Bacillus subtilis) and three Gram negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris and Klebsiella pneumoniae)	[39]
5	Leaves of Aloe barbadensis Miller plant	63.6 nm (dynamic light scattering analysis)	–	[42]
6	Precipitation method using ammonia water and oxalic acid as precipitant	100–300 nm (SEM)	–	[21]
7	Gloriosa superba L. leaf extract	5 nm (TEM)	Antibacterial activity against both gram positive and gram-negative bacteria	[38]
8	Acalypha indica leaf extract	25–30 nm (TEM and XRD)	Antibacterial activity	[41]
9	Olea europaea leaf extract	24 nm (SEM and TEM)	Antibacterial and antifungal activity against Gram-positive (G + ve) (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538) and Gram-negative (G−ve) (Escherichia coli ATCC 15224, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC-BAA 1706) strains and Mucor species (FCBP-0300), Aspergillus flavus (FCBP-0064), Fusarium solani (FCBP-434), and Aspergillus niger (FCBP-0198)	[40]
10	Hibiscus Sabdariffa's floweraqueous extract	3.9 nm (HR TEM and XRD)	Stability, surface morphology, chemical bonding and chemical valance states are studies	[43]
11	Fresh egg white	25 nm (FE SEM)	non-toxic effect of concentration up to 800 μg/ml on human periodontal fibroblasts cells	[44]