Table 2.
Multivariate associations between risk factors and perpetration of physical violence by school staff against students in the past week in Luwero District, Uganda (n=497 staff)
| Risk factors | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | p value |
| Individual factors (staff background characteristics)* | |||
| Sex | |||
| Female | 1 | ||
| Male | 1.08 | 0.72 to 1.61 | 0.73 |
| Age | |||
| 18–29 years | 1 | ||
| 30–39 years | 1.75 | 1.04 to 2.95 | 0.04 |
| 40+ years | 1.09 | 0.57 to 2.08 | |
| Job at school | |||
| Teacher | 1 | ||
| Headmaster | 0.55 | 0.23 to 1.36 | <0.001 |
| Administrative staff | 0.17 | 0.08 to 0.34 | |
| Number of offspring | |||
| 0 children | 1 | ||
| 1–2 children | 2.65 | 1.35 to 5.19 | 0.006 |
| 3+ children | 1.52 | 0.75 to 3.05 | |
| Victim of child sexual abuse | |||
| No | 1 | ||
| Yes | 0.34 | 0.13 to 0.85 | 0.02 |
| Victim of intimate partner violence | |||
| No | 1 | ||
| Yes | 1.61 | 1.05 to 2.45 | 0.03 |
| Use of violence against non-students | |||
| No | 1 | ||
| Yes | 2.23 | 1.11 to 4.47 | 0.02 |
| Community factors* | |||
| Social norms accepting of physical discipline within community | |||
| Low | 1 | ||
| Medium | 0.93 | 0.54 to 1.62 | 0.81 |
| High | 0.84 | 0.49 to 1.43 | |
| Socioeconomic status | |||
| High | 1 | ||
| Medium | 1.18 | 0.68 to 2.07 | 0.75 |
| Low | 1.23 | 0.70 to 2.15 | |
| School factors† | |||
| Social norms accepting of physical discipline among school staff | |||
| Low | 1 | ||
| Medium | 1.28 | 0.74 to 2.21 | 0.67 |
| High | 1.14 | 0.66 to 2.97 | |
| Perceived quality of school climate | |||
| High | 1 | ||
| Medium | 1.47 | 0.82 to 2.63 | 0.37 |
| Low | 1.06 | 0.61 to 1.84 | |
| Individual factors (staff attitudes)‡ | |||
| Personal acceptance of physical discipline | |||
| Low | 1 | ||
| Medium | 0.89 | 0.50 to 1.56 | <0.001 |
| High | 2.22 | 1.28 to 3.84 | |
| Perceived quality of school climate | |||
| High | 1 | ||
| Medium | 0.80 | 0.46 to 1.36 | 0.70 |
| Low | 0.85 | 0.0.48 to 1.50 | |
| Job satisfaction | |||
| High | 1 | ||
| Medium | 1.28 | 0.76 to 2.16 | 0.46 |
| Low | 1.39 | 0.81 to 2.39 | |
All analysis conducted using logistic regression with a random effect at the school level to account for clustering. p values derived from likelihood ratio tests. Missing data excluded.
*Adjusted for staff background characteristics and community factors only (model 1).
†Adjusted for staff background characteristics, community factors and school factors (model 2).
‡Adjusted for staff background characteristics, community factors, school factors and staff attitudes (model 3).