Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of diabetic and non‐diabetic US participants aged ≥20 y during the period 1999 to 2010*
| Characteristics | Non‐DM | DM | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Period | 1999 to 2010 | 1999 to 2004 | 2005 to 2010 | P value | 1999 to 2010 | 1999 to 2004 | 2005 to 2010 | P value |
| Unweighted sample | 10 858 | 5312 | 5546 | 2142 | 724 | 1418 | ||
| Age range, y | ||||||||
| 20 to 39 | 42.7% | 42.9% | 42.5% | .75 | 10.1% | 10.8% | 9.7% | .47 |
| 40 to 59 | 38.3% | 37.6% | 39.0% | .27 | 40.0% | 42.3% | 36.9% | .08 |
| 60 to 79 | 15.7% | 16.0% | 15.4% | .61 | 41.8% | 39.8% | 43.0% | .32 |
| ≥80 | 3.3% | 3.5% | 3.1% | .43 | 9.1% | 7.1% | 10.4% | .01 |
| Female sex | 52.3% | 52.6% | 52.0% | .52 | 49.5% | 46.7% | 51.2% | .10 |
| Race and ethnicity | ||||||||
| Non‐Hispanic white | 71.4% | 72.6% | 70.4% | .38 | 65.9% | 64.4% | 66.9% | .56 |
| Non‐Hispanic black | 10.5% | 10.3% | 10.7% | .81 | 13.7% | 14.1% | 13.5% | .76 |
| Mexican American | 7.8% | 7.3% | 8.2% | .50 | 8.5% | 7.1% | 9.3% | .27 |
| Othersa | 10.3% | 9.8% | 10.8% | .54 | 11.9% | 14.4% | 10.3% | .18 |
| Educational attainment | ||||||||
| Less than high school | 18.1% | 19.2% | 17.0% | .06 | 28.7% | 30.9% | 27.3% | .21 |
| High school or GED | 24.8% | 26.1% | 23.5% | .05 | 27.9% | 25.7% | 29.3% | .21 |
| More than high school | 57.1% | 54.7% | 59.5% | .01 | 43.4% | 43.4% | 43.4% | .98 |
| Current smoking | 23.5% | 24.4% | 22.7% | .22 | 18.9% | 21.7% | 17.1% | .06 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2)b | 27.8 (5.3) | 27.6 (5.0) | 28.0 (5.7) | .01 | 32.0 (7.3) | 31.8 (6.8) | 32.1 (7.6) | .53 |
| Obesityc | 29.3% | 27.9% | 30.7% | .02 | 55.7% | 52.7% | 57.5% | .16 |
| Dyslipidaemiad | 59.8% | 62.6% | 57.2% | <.001 | 77.3% | 81.4% | 74.7% | .004 |
| Lipid lowering medications | 20.7% | 17.4% | 24.3% | <.001 | 49.2% | 35.7% | 58.5% | <.001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 119.0 (30.2) | 121.2 (29.6) | 116.9 (30.7) | <.001 | 111.3 (35.6) | 116.5 (30.9) | 108.2 (38.4) | <.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 53.8 (13.7) | 52.5 (13.1) | 55.0 (14.3) | <.001 | 49.0 (15.0) | 46.8 (12.9) | 50.3 (16.2) | .001 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 134 (96) | 141 (104) | 127 (86) | <.001 | 186 (191) | 209 (220) | 172 (163) | .002 |
| Hypertensione | 25.0% | 24.4% | 25.6% | .34 | 60.4% | 56.1% | 63.2% | .01 |
| Anti‐hypertensive medications | 85.3% | 85.2% | 85.3% | .94 | 93.4% | 92.6% | 93.8% | .57 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 119.5 (14.3) | 120.9 (14.7) | 118.2 (13.7) | <.001 | 129.5 (19.7) | 130.9 (18.1) | 128.7 (20.6) | .07 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 70.2 (10.1) | 72.1 (9.6) | 68.6 (10.5) | <.001 | 68.8 (15.2) | 70.7 (13.7) | 67.6 (16.1) | .005 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.2 (0.3) | 5.2 (0.2) | 5.3 (0.3) | <.001 | 6.9 (1.6) | 7.1 (1.5) | 6.8 (1.6) | .004 |
| Insulin use | – | – | – | 11.4% | 5.3% | 15.2% | <.001 | |
| Anti‐diabetic medications | – | – | – | 66.0% | 67.8% | 64.9% | .47 | |
| Microvascular diseases | ||||||||
| Diabetic retinopathy | – | – | – | 19.4% | 19.8% | 19.0% | .78 | |
| Chronic kidney diseasef | 5.7% | 5.1% | 6.2% | .09 | 18.0% | 15.5% | 19.5% | .15 |
| Urine albumin (mg/g creatinine) | ||||||||
| <30 | 93.1% | 93.2% | 93.1% | .90 | 73.7% | 72.3% | 74.6% | .38 |
| 30 to 299 | 6.1% | 6.2% | 6.0% | .77 | 20.6% | 21.9% | 19.8% | .38 |
| ≥300 | 0.8% | 0.6% | 0.9% | .14 | 5.7% | 5.8% | 5.6% | .91 |
| Macrovascular diseases | ||||||||
| Cardiovascular disease | 5.0% | 5.2% | 4.8% | .48 | 18.0% | 17.2% | 18.5% | .61 |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 3.6% | 3.8% | 3.7% | .68 | 13.4% | 13.8% | 13.1% | .75 |
| Stroke | 2.0% | 2.1% | 1.9% | .55 | 7.3% | 6.1% | 8.1% | .17 |
| Cancer | 7.6% | 7.5% | 7.7% | .84 | 15.9% | 14.1% | 17.0% | .18 |
Abbreviations: DM, diabetes; GED, General Educational Development; HDL, high density lipoprotein; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; LDL, low density lipoprotein.
Data are presented as number of participants, percent, or mean (SD). P value was calculated by comparing variables during the period 1999 to 2004 with those during the period 2005 to 2010.
The category includes other Hispanics and other races including multi‐racial participants.
Body mass index was calculated as weight in kg divided by the square of height in meters.
Obesity was defined as body mass index ≥30 kg/m2.
Dyslipidaemia was defined as previous diagnosis of hyperlipidaemia, intake of lipid lowering medications, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels of ≥160 mg/dL, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels of <40 mg/dL, or triglyceride levels of ≥200 mg/dL.
Hypertension was defined as either a previous diagnosis of hypertension or documentation that the participant was taking anti‐hypertensive medications.
Chronic kidney disease was defined as impaired glomerular filtration rate of <60 mL/min/1.73 m2.