Table 3.
Socioenvironmental, Personal, and Behavioral Characteristics of Youth by Weight Status
| Normal weight (BMI percentile <85th but ≥5th percentile) (n = 1578) | Overweight (BMI percentile ≥85th but <95th) (N = 516) | Class 1 obesity (BMI percentile ≥95th but <120% of 95th) (n = 397) | Severe obesity (BMI percentile ≥120% or 95th of BMI ≥35) (n = 249) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scale range or units reported | Mean (SE) or % | pdf = 3 | ||||
| Socioenvironmental | ||||||
| Family functioning | Range: 6–24 | 18.1 (0.1) | 17.8 (0.2) | 18.0 (0.2) | 17.5 (0.2) | 0.05 |
| Weekly family meals | Range: 0–8 | 4.2 (0.1)a | 4.0 (0.1)ab | 3.8 (0.1)b | 3.7 (0.2)b | 0.003 |
| Healthy home food availability | Range: 5–20 | 14.9 (0.1)a | 14.5 (0.1)b | 14.7 (0.1)b | 14.7 (0.2)b | 0.04 |
| Unhealthy home food availability | Range: 4–16 | 10.4 (0.1)a | 9.7 (0.1)b | 9.8 (0.1)b | 9.5 (0.2)b | <0.001 |
| Parental encouragement of healthy eating | % | 86.1a | 89.6b | 90.0b | 91.4b | 0.02 |
| Family support for physical activity | % | 62.2 | 64.0 | 58.7 | 57.3 | 0.20 |
| Parental encouragement to diet | % | 25.4a | 44.6b | 63.5c | 76.3d | <0.001 |
| Family weight teasing | % | 17.7a | 24.9b | 36.4c | 42.5c | <0.001 |
| Teased by peers about weight | % | 17.0a | 23.7b | 46.9c | 69.0d | <0.001 |
| Personal | ||||||
| Weight concern | Range: 0–9 | 3.9 (0.05)a | 5.0 (0.1)b | 5.9 (0.1)c | 6.0 (0.1)c | <0.001 |
| Self-esteem | Range: 6–24 | 18.3 (0.1)a | 18.0 (0.2)a | 17.3 (0.2)b | 16.6 (0.2)c | <0.001 |
| Body satisfaction | Range: 13–65 | 47.4 (0.3)a | 42.8 (0.5)b | 37.6 (0.6)c | 34.4 (0.8)d | <0.001 |
| Depressive symptomology | Range: 6–18 | 10.0 (0.1)a | 10.2 (0.1)a | 10.6 (0.1)b | 10.9 (0.2)b | <0.001 |
| Behavioral | ||||||
| Television use | Hours/week | 17.4 (0.3) | 16.7 (0.5) | 17.9 (0.6) | 17.0 (0.8) | 0.48 |
| Moderate to vigorous physical activity | Hours/week | 5.9 (0.1) | 5.8 (0.2) | 5.6 (0.2) | 5.7 (0.3) | 0.69 |
| Breakfast frequency | Times/week | 4.4 (0.1)a | 4.0 (0.1)b | 3.8 (0.1)b | 3.8 (0.2)b | <0.001 |
| Fast food frequency | Times/month | 16.1 (0.5)a | 12.1 (0.8)b | 13.1 (0.9)b | 13.0 (1.2)b | <0.001 |
| Healthy weight control behaviors | % | 44.2a | 58.6b | 62.4b | 63.7b | <0.001 |
| Less extreme weight control behaviors | % | 31.2a | 55.1b | 62.4c | 69.7c | <0.001 |
| Extreme weight control behaviors | % | 4.4a | 8.4b | 13.5c | 13.2bc | <0.001 |
| Binge eating | % | 6.1a | 7.9ab | 9.9b | 17.1c | <0.001 |
| Average sleep | hours/day | 9.6 (0.05)a | 9.5 (0.9)ab | 9.6 (0.1)ab | 9.3 (0.1)b | 0.03 |
All models adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, and US nativity. Adjusted means with differing superscript letters were different at an alpha level of p < 0.05.