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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jan 15.
Published in final edited form as: Biol Psychiatry. 2017 Jun 27;83(2):148–159. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.06.021

Table 1.

Demographic characteristics of group and clusters

Descriptive Variable Overall Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3
N % N % N % N % Q-Value
Income High 39 43.8 22 41.5 7 36.8 10 58.8 0.804
Middle 23 25.8 13 24.5 7 36.8 3 17.6
Low 23 25.8 15 28.3 5 26.3 3 17.6
Not Available 4 4.5 3 5.7 0 0 1 5.9
Maternal Psychiatric History Yes 24 27 11 20.8 6 31.6 7 41.2 0.432
No 65 73 42 79.2 13 68.4 10 58.8
Paternal Psychiatric History Yes 11 12.4 5 9.4 4 21.1 2 11.8 0.544
No 78 87.6 48 90.6 15 78.9 15 88.2
Cesarean Section Yes 44 49.4 27 50.9 4 21.1 13 76.5 0.035*
No 45 50.6 26 49.1 15 78.9 4 23.5
Single or Twin Gestation Twin 47 52.8 30 56.6 6 31.6 11 64.7 0.432
Singleton 42 47.2 23 43.3 13 68.4 6 35.3
Sex Male 49 55.1 28 52.8 11 57.9 10 58.8 0.956
Female 40 44.9 25 47.2 8 42.1 7 41.2
NICU Yes 19 21.3 10 18.9 4 21.1 5 29.4 0.841
No 70 78.7 43 81.1 15 78.9 12 70.6
Maternal Ethnicity White 66 74.2 36 67.9 18 94.7 12 70.6 0.190
Black 19 21.3 15 28.3 1 5.3 3 17.6
Asian 2 2.2 2 3.8 0 0 0 0
Native American 2 2.2 0 0 0 0 2 11.8
Paternal Ethnicity White 60 67.4 30 56.6 17 89.5 13 76.5 0.049*
Black 23 25.8 20 37.7 1 5.3 2 11.8
Asian 5 5.6 3 5.7 0 0 2 11.8
Native American 1 1.1 0 0 1 5.3 0 0
Surgical Anesthesia Yes 5 5.6 2 3.8 1 5.3 2 11.8 0.544
No 84 94.4 51 96.2 18 94.7 15 88.2
Older Siblings Yes 42 47.2 32 60.4 4 21.1 6 35.3 0.059
No 47 52.8 21 39.6 15 78.9 11 64.7
Currently Breastfed Yes 32 36 14 26.4 14 73.7 4 23.5 0.012*
No 57 64 39 73.6 5 26.3 14 76.5
Ever Given Formula Yes 64 71.9 40 75.5 9 47.4 15 88.2 0.071
No 25 28.1 13 24.5 10 52.6 2 11.8
Currently Given Formula Yes 19 21.3 11 20.8 3 15.8 5 29.4 0.558
No 70 78.7 42 79.2 16 84.2 12 70.6
Given Milk Other Than Breastmilk or Formula Yes 77 86.5 47 88.7 15 78.9 15 88.2 0.934
No 12 13.5 6 11.3 4 21.1 2 11.8
Type of Other Milk Breastmilk Exclusively 12 13.5 6 11.3 4 21.1 2 11.8 0.432
Cow's Milk 72 80.9 45 84.9 15 78.9 12 70.6
Other (almond, soy) 5 5.6 2 3.8 0 0 3 17.6
Symptoms of Illness in Previous Week Yes 43 48.3 20 37.7 10 52.6 13 76.5 0.059
No 46 51.7 33 62.3 9 47.4 4 23.5
Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Previous Week Yes 12 13.5 6 11.3 3 15.8 3 17.6 0.804
No 77 86.5 47 88.7 16 84.2 14 82.4
Antibiotics within Last Year Yes 30 33.7 15 28.3 8 42.1 7 41.2 0.614
No 59 66.3 38 71.7 11 57.9 10 58.8
Antibiotics During Pregnancy Yes 17 19.1 10 18.9 3 15.8 4 23.5 0.912
No 72 80.9 43 81.1 16 84.2 13 76.5
Descriptive
Variable		 Overall Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3
N Mean ± SD N Mean ± SD N Mean ± SD N Mean ± SD Q-Value
Gestational Age at Birth (days) 89 263.72 ± 16.74 53 262.94 ± 15.72 19 268.32 ± 18.4 17 261.00 ± 17.94 0.432
Birth Weight (grams) 89 2917.31 ± 690.21 53 2885.09 ± 706.73 19 3129.47 ± 645.65 17 2780.65 ± 671.66 0.432
Apgar at 5 Minutes 89 8.75 ± .79 53 8.87 ± 0.48 19 8.47 ± 1.39 17 8.71 ± 0.59 0.316
Maternal Age at Birth (years) 89 31.9 ± 4.93 53 31.74 ± 5.08 19 30.95 ± 5.06 17 33.47 ± 4.17 0.432
Maternal Education (years) 89 16.72 ± 2.61 53 16.62 ± 2.8 19 17.74 ± 2.33 17 15.88 ± 1.93 0.432
Paternal Age at Birth (years) 89 34.06 ± 5.89 53 34.13 ± 6.06 19 33.53 ± 6.95 17 34.42 ± 4.11 0.689
Paternal Education (years) 89 15.61 ± 3.4 53 15.43 ± 3.49 19 16.56 ± 3.17 17 15.09 ± 3.37 0.432