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. 2017 Dec 7;8:1678. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01678

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Copyright © 2017 Chiu, Bazin, Truchetet, Schaeverbeke, Delhaes and Pradeu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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An expanded view of microbe-conferred protection. Microorganisms can protect the host in different ways, depending on the mode of protection (direct ecological and indirect host-mediated), the effects of protection (colonization resistance against pathogenic establishment and growth, containment of pathogens and their effects, and disease tolerance of pathogens while suppressing their negative effects), and the range of protection (localized or long-reaching, with the latter further divided into protection that is systemic or from one locale to another locale). All three aspects of protection can occur in combination. Long-reaching protection, for instance, involves both direct (ecological) and indirect (host-mediated) modes of protection that result in colonization resistance, containment, or disease tolerance effects.