Table 1.
Types of colonization resistance.
| Types | Species | Effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nutrition niche competition | Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron against C. rodentium | Competition for carbohydrates | (10) |
| Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 against Salmonella Typhimurium | Competition for iron | (51) | |
| Escherichia coli HS and E. coli Nissle 1917 against EHEC O157:H7 | Competition for carbohydrates | (52) | |
| Antagonistic inhibition | E. coli Nissle 1917 against commensal and pathogenic E. coli and S. Typhimurium | Production of microcin | (53) |
| E. coli against EHEC O157:H7 | Production of colicin | (54) | |
| Nasal Staphylococcus lugdunensis against Staphylococcus aureus | Production of lugdunin | (55) | |
| Enterococcus faecalis strain against Enterococcus | Production of bacteriocin (pPD1) | (56) | |
| B. thuringiensis against Clostridia species | Production of bacteriocin (thuricin CD) | (57, 58) | |
| Bacillus amyloliquefaciens against vaginosis-associated human pathogen Gardnerella vaginalis | Production of bacteriocin (subtilosin) | (59) | |
| Staphylococcus epidermidis peptides selectively reduce survival of Streptococcus pyogenes and S. aureus | Production of phenol-soluble modulins (PSM-γ and PSM-δ) | (60, 61) | |
| Four bacterial consortium (R. gnavus E1, B. thetaiotaomicron LEMF4, Clostridium hathewayi LEMC7, and Clostridium orbiscindens LEMH9) against Clostridium perfringens | Collective production of consortium-dependent antibacterial substance | (62) | |
| Against EHEC O157:H7 | Production of short chain fatty acids (acetic, propionic, and butyric acids) | (63) | |
| Against Clostridium difficile | Production of secondary bile acids | (44, 64–66) | |
| Bacteroides fragilis against Bacteroidales strains in gut | Type IV system delivered toxins | (67, 68) | |
| Lactic acid bacteria against a range of pathogens | Lactic and acetic acid, metabolites (hydrogen peroxide and carbon dioxide), diacetyl, and bacteriocins | (69, 70) | |
| Niche construction of disadvantageous environments | Lactic acid bacteria in vagina against bacteria and viruses | Lower environmental pH with lactic acid | (71) |
| Propionibacterium acnes suppresses the growth of S. aureus | Lower environmental pH with fermentative products | (72) | |
| Anaerobic commensals against Enterobacteriaceae | Low oxidation–reduction potential | (73) | |