Table 1.

Target molecule and common recognizing elements modified on graphene/graphene oxide for detecting cancer cells

Targeted molecules	Surface modification and recognizing elements	Disease	References
DNA-t	DNA-C and DNA-r.AuNP	Breast cancer	Rasheed et al. (2014)
Nucleolin	Aptamers, e.g., AS1411	Any type of cancer	Feng et al. (2011)
Anti-CRP antibody	CRP antibody	Lung cancer, colorectal cancer, myeloma cancer, prostate cancer	Zhu (2015)
PCG	PPi	Melanoma cancer	Muthuraj et al. (2017)
Folate receptor	Folate-modified hydrophilic polymers	Epithelial-derived tumors	Li et al. (2016)
Anti-CRP antibody	HRP anti-CRP antibody	Lymphoma cancer	Zhu et al. (2010)
Ab-DNA	Au nanoparticle-tagged DNA	Breast cancer cells	Jung et al. (2010)