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. 2017 Dec 11;7:17332. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-17427-6

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The active components of A. annua attenuate RANKL-induced osteoclast formation. The BMMs were cultured with M-CSF (30 ng/mL) and the indicated concentrations of (a) artemisinin (ART), (b) artemisinic acid (AA), or (c) arteannuin B (AB) for 5 days. Cell viability was determined using an MTT assay. The data are expressed as the mean ± SE. ^* P < 0.05, ^** P < 0.01 versus BMMs without active components. (d) BMMs were incubated in media with M-CSF (30 ng/mL), RANKL (100 ng/mL), and the indicated concentration of ART, AA, or AB for 5 days. Mature osteoclasts were detected by TRAP staining and TRAP-positive multinucleated cells were counted using light microscopy (magnification, ×100). The images are representative, and the data are expressed as the mean ± SE of triplicate experiments. ^# P < 0.01 versus BMMs without RANKL (C), ^* P < 0.05, ^** P < 0.01 versus BMMs with RANKL alone.