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. 2017 Dec 11;7:17297. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-17609-2

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Induction of cytokine production in human cells by CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODNs) developed for grouper (Epinephelus spp.) toll-like receptor (TLR) 21 s. Expression of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-12p70, and interferon (IFN)γ by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) treated with 0.3 µM of different CpG-ODNs as indicated for 24 h and analyzed with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data represent means ± SD (n = 3 independent experiments). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 compared with the control.