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. 2017 Dec 11;7:17305. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-17409-8

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Effect of BMAA treatment on the metabolic profile of intact zebrafish embryos (27hpf). (A) Intact embryos with or without BMAA treatment were loaded into rotor and directly measured by HR MAS NMR at 600 MHz at a spinning speed of 6 kHz., cycle delay of 2 sec and total number of scan 256; (B) Representative ¹H HRMAS NMR spectra obtained after treatment of zebrafish embryos (3 h post fertilization) for 24 hours with no BMAA (control) (upper spectra), BMAA85 (middle) or BMAA170 (bottom). 1H shift was calibrated using TSP as an internal standard. Abbreviations: lactate (Lac), alanine (Ala), glutamine (Gln), glutamate (Glu), glycine (Gly), taurine (Tau), myo-inositol (m-Ins), choline (Cho), total creatine (tCr), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), aspartate (Asp), glutathione (GSH), threonine (Thr), cholestrol (Chol), and fatty acid (FA). (C) The concentration of metabolites in control, BMAA85 and BMAA170 treated embryos. Statistical analysis (t-tests and ANOVAs) of the NMR quantification results were performed with OriginPro v. 8 (Northampton, USA). Value are average ± SE of mean (n = 9). (# P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05).