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. 2017 Dec 11;7:17305. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-17409-8

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Effect of BMAA treatment on the metabolic profile of intact zebrafish embryos (96hpf). (A) Intact embryos with or without BMAA treatment were loaded into rotor and directly measured by HR MAS NMR at 600 MHz at a spinning speed of 6 kHz. cycle delay of 2 sec and total number of scan 256; (B) Representative ¹H HRMAS NMR spectra obtained after treatment of zebrafish embryos (72 h post fertilization) for 24 hours with no BMAA (control) (upper spectra), BMAA₈₅ (middle) or BMAA₁₇₀ (lower). ¹H shift was calibrated using TSP as an internal standard. Reduction of essential amino acids (Asp, Gln, GSH, Tau, m-Ins, Gly, Glu and GABA) and lipids (Chol and FA) and increase in Lac, Ala and EA were prominent in BMAA treated embryo compared to controls. (C) 2D ¹H-¹H COSY spectra showing clear reduction of Chol and FA and glucose (Glc) and an increase in EA in BMAA treated embryos. (D) The concentration of metabolites in control, BMAA₈₅ and BMAA₁₇₀ treated embryos measured from HR MAS NMR spectra. Statistical analysis (t-tests and ANOVAs) of the NMR quantification results were performed with OriginPro v. 8 (Northampton, USA). Value are average ± SE of mean (n = 9). (^## P < 0.0001, ^# P < 0.001, **P < 0.01, *P < 0.05).