Table 3.

Direct reprogramming of human fibroblasts to cardiomyocytes in vitro

Reprogramming factors	Supplement agents	Species	Starting cell type	Efficiency	Comments	References
Gata4, Hand2, Myocd, Tbx5, miR-1, miR-133,		Human	Human neonatal foreskin fibroblasts (HFF), adult human cardiac fibroblasts (AHCFs) and and adult human dermal fibroblasts (AHDFs)	~20 % cTnT(+) cells (HFFs) 13 % cTnT(+) cells (AHCFs) 9.5 % cTnT(+) cells (AHDFs)	Bating after 11 weeks (AHCFs) Using retrovirus	[29]
Gata4, Mef2c, Tbx5, Mesp1, Myocd, Zfp42/Rex1, ESRRG		Human	Human cardiac fibroblasts (HCF)	35 % cTnT(+) cells	Using retrovirus and lentivirus	[30]
Gata4, Mef2c, Tbx5, Mesp1, Myocd		Human	Adult cardiac human fibroblasts (AHCFs) and adult dermal fibroblasts (AHDFs)	5 % αactinin(+) and cTnT(+) cells	Beating co-cultured with mouse cardiomyocytes Using retrovirus	[31]
Ets2, Mesp1		Human	Adult dermal human fibroblasts (AHDFs)	2.3 % αMHC(+) cells	Cells expressing the cardiac mesoderm marker KDR(+) using lentivirus	[32]
Gata4, Mef2c, Tbx5, Mesp1, Myocd, miR-133		Human	Human cardiac fibroblasts (HCFs)	23~27 % cTNT(+) cells	Using retrovirus	[21]
Gata4, Mef2c, Tbx5, Hand2	Add supplement agents (BMP4, activin A, FGF2, IWR1)	Human	Adult human dermal human fibroblasts (AHDFs)		Cardiac progenitor cells (?) Using retrovirus	[33]
(−)	9 compounds (9C; CHIR99021, A83-01, BIX01294, SC1, Y27632, OAC2, SU16F, and JNJ10198409)	Human	Human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) Human fetal lung fibroblasts (HLFs)	6.6 ± 0.4 % of cTNT(+) cells	Chemical reprogramming	[34]