Table 3.
Alterations of echocardiographic measures, plasma markers, and electrocardiogram following 63 km of running at moderate-to-low altitude in male Tarahumara (n = 10) presented as mean (95% CI)
| Parameter | Pre-race | Post-race changes (mean values (95% CI) with statistical differences from pre-race value) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| < 5-min/30-min | p value | 6-h | p value | 24-h | p value | ||
| Echocardiographya,b | |||||||
| TAPSE (cm) | 2.6 (2.4; 2.9) | − 0.2 (− 0.5; 0.1) | 0.257 | − 0.1 (− 0.4; 0.2) | 0.654 | 0.4 (0.1; 0.7) | 0.007 |
| RV S’ (cm s−1) | 15.5 (14.3; 16.7) | − 2.1 (− 3.6; − 0.5) | 0.009 | 1.0 (− 0.6; 2.6) | 0.233 | 0.8 (− 0.9; 2.5) | 0.330 |
| LV outflow VTI (cm) | 22.1 (20.3; 23.8) | − 2.6 (− 4.6; − 0.7) | 0.007 | − 2.2 (− 4.3; − 0.1) | 0.041 | − 0.4 (− 2.5; 1.7) | 0.699 |
| LV SAX GCS (%) | 17.8 (15.0; 20.6) | − 1.7 (− 5.1; 1.6) | 0.303 | 2.5 (− 1.4; 6.3) | 0.206 | 4.3 (0.7; 7.9) | 0.019 |
| Plasma biomarkersa,c | |||||||
| LDH (U L−1) | 102.8 (19.3; 186.3) | 259.9 (176.4; 343.4) | 0.004 | 209.4 (116.6; 302.1) | 0.065 | 270.3 (177.5; 363.0) | 0.004 |
| Creatine kinase (U L−1) | 140.0 (66.2; 213.8) | 2737 (2683; 7267) | < 0.001 | 5535 (2298; 8772) | < 0.001 | 5380 (2234; 8527) | < 0.001 |
| Creatine kinase-MB (µg L−1) | 3.1 (1.3; 4.8) | 62.5 (26.5; 98.6) | < 0.001 | 70.6 (27.0; 114.3) | < 0.001 | 56.3 (21.5; 91.0) | < 0.001 |
| Creatine kinase ratio | 2.3 (1.3; 3.3) | 0.4 (− 1.0; 1.8) | 0.573 | − 0.9 (− 2.3; 0.6) | 0.258 | − 1.0 (− 2.5; 0.5) | 0.179 |
| Creatinine (µmol L−1) | 64.9 (50.0; 79.8) | 88.1 (73.2; 103.0) | 0.002 | 88.6 (72.5; 104.7) | 0.004 | 69.6 (53.5; 85.7) | 0.565 |
| hs-CRP (mg L−1) | 0.8 (0.1; 1.4) | 1.2 (0.3; 2.1) | 0.336 | 9.9 (1.7; 18.1) | < 0.001 | 15.8 (2.8; 28.8) | < 0.001 |
| Iron (µmol L−1) | 15.1 (12.3; 17.9) | 13.5 (11.7; 15.2) | 0.226 | 7.0 (5.4; 8.6) | < 0.001 | 20.5 (17.4; 23.6) | 0.004 |
| Haptoglobin (g L−1) | 0.9 (0.7; 1.1) | 0.3 (0.2; 0.5) | <0.001 | 0.4 (0.2; 0.6) | < 0.001 | 0.8 (0.6; 1.0) | 0.165 |
| Sodium (mmol L−1) | 138 (131; 146) | 128 (121; 135) | 0.020 | 141 (133; 149) | 0.549 | 152 (144; 160) | 0.005 |
| Potassium (mmol L−1) | 4.3 (3.8; 4.7) | 4.6 (4.1; 5.0) | 0.354 | 4.3 (3.8; 4.8) | 0.917 | 4.5 (4.0; 5.0) | 0.572 |
| Albumin (g L−1) | 46.8 (44.7; 48.8) | 51.4 (49.3; 53.4) | < 0.001 | 47.0 (44.7; 49.2) | 0.877 | 44.1 (41.8; ; 46.3) | 0.045 |
| Electrocardiograma,d | |||||||
| PQ interval (ms) | 154 (147; 162) | − 4 (− 12; 3) | 0.254 | 0.0 (− 8; 8) | 0.975 | ||
| QRS complex (ms) | 86 (81; 91) | − 2 (− 6; 1) | 0.230 | − 2 (− 6; 1) | 0.192 | ||
| QTc (ms) | 405 (390; 419) | 19 (− 2; 40) | 0.073 | 28 (6; 49) | 0.011 | ||
| Hemodynamicsa,d | |||||||
| Heart rate (bts min−1) | 56 (51; 61) | 33 (26; 40) | < 0.001 | 11 (4; 18) | 0.002 | 4 (− 3; 11) | 0.302 |
| Stroke volume (L min−1) | 7.1 (6.6; 7.7) | − 2.0 (− 2.6; − 1.3) | < 0.001 | − 0.7 (− 1.3; 0.2) | 0.057 | 1.7 (− 0.5,0.9) | 0.612 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 105 (99; 111) | − 6 (− 13; 19 | 0.008 | − 7 (− 15; 0.0) | 0.043 | − 8 (− 15; − 1) | 0.030 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 64 (60; 67) | 1 (− 3; 6) | 0.613 | − 6 (− 11; − 1) | 0.018 | − 9 (− 14; − 4) | < 0.001 |
TAPSE tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; RV S’ right ventricular annular maximal longitudinal velocity; LV outflow VTI left ventricular velocity time integral; LV SAX GCS left ventricular parasternal short-axis global circumferential strain; LDH lactate dehydrogenase; creatine kinase-MB creatine kinase isoform myocardial band; hs-CRP high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; SBP systolic blood pressure; DBP diastolic blood pressure
aAnalyses age-adjusted
bFirst post-race echocardiographic measurement carried out 30 min post-race
cFirst post-race blood samples collected < 5 min post-race
dFirst post-race electrocardiogram measurement carried out < 40 min post-race