Table 2.

Studies of bone regeneration by stem cells from dental pulp in the cranio-maxillofacial region in vivo

Authors and year		Targeted site	Cell source	Selection	Host	Scaffolds	Results
de Mendonca et al. [78]	2008	Cranial bone defect	Human DPSCs	–	Rat	Collagen membrane	Induction of mature bone formation
Seo et al. [8]	2008	Critical-size calvarial bone defect	Human SHEDs	–	Mouse	HA/TCP	Repair of defects and substantial bone formation
Zheng et al. [82]	2009	Orofacial bone defects	Stem cells from porcine (miniature pig) deciduous teeth	–	Miniature pig	β-TCP	More efficient regeneration of critical-size mandibular bone defects
d’Aquino et al. [83]	2009	Alveolar bone defect after extraction of impacted third molars	Human DPSCs	–	Human	Collagen sponge	Complete restoration of bone defects
Ito et al. [80]	2011	Osseointegration of dental implants	Canine DPSCs	–	Dog	PRP	High osteogenic potential to assist dental implant integration
Yamada et al. [79]	2011	Mandibular bone defect	Canine DPSCs and stem cells from deciduous teeth	–	Dog	PRP	Well-formed mature bone using both cell lines
Liu et al. [55]	2011	Critical-size alveolar bone defect	Rabbit DPSCs	–	Rabbit	rhBMP2 + nHAC/PL	Early mineralization and excellent bone formation
Ricco et al. [86]	2012	Critical-size cranial bone defect	Human DPSCs	CD34+c-Kit+STRO-1+ (MACS)	Rat	Fibroin scaffolds	Mature bone formation and defect correction
Pisciotta et al. [84]	2012	Critical-size parietal bone defect	Human DPSCs	STRO-1+ (MACS)	Rat	Collagen constructs	Restoration of critical parietal bone defects
Alkaisi et al. [81]	2013	Distracted area of mandibular bone	Human SHEDs	–	Rabbit	–	Enhancement of the bone consolidation period in mandibular distraction osteogenesis
Annibali et al. [77]	2013	Critical-size calvarial bone defect	Human DPSCs/PeSCs	–	Mouse	Porcine collagen + GDPB, β-TCP, Aga/nHA	β-TCP alone is more effective than β-TCP seeded with DPSCs/PeSCs
Giuliani et al. [85]	2013	Mandibular bone defect after tooth extraction	Human DPSCs	CD34+ (MACS)	Human	Collagen sponge	Regeneration of compact-type bone with uniform vascularization
Yasui et al. [50]	2016	Critical-size calvarial bone defect	Human DPSCs	LNGFRLow+THY-1High+ (FACS)	Mouse	Collagen membrane	LNGFRLow+/THY-1High+ DPSCs promote new bone formation to repair critical-size calvarial defects

Aga/nHA a sponge of agarose and nanohydroxyapatite, DPSCs dental pulp stem/progenitor cells, FACS fluorescence-activated cell sorting, GDPB granular deproteinized bovine bone, HA hydroxyapatite, LNGFR low-affinity nerve growth factor, MACS magnetic-activated cell sorting, nHAC/PLA nanohydroxyapatite/collagen/poly(L-lactide), PeSCs periosteal stem cells, PRP platelet-rich plasma, rhBMP-2 recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2, SHEDs stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth, TCP tricalcium phosphate, THY-1 thymocyte antigen 1