Table 9.
Market-related experiments.
| Subsystem | Experiments | Statusa | Known involved actorsb |
|---|---|---|---|
| Automotive sector |
Light-weight trains | E | Ricardo UK Limited, Alstom (F) |
| Trams | E | Centre for Concepts in Mechatronix (NL), GKN plc (UK) | |
| Urban buses | C | GKN plc (UK), Ricardo UK Limited, Torotrak plc (UK) | |
| Passenger cars | E | GKN plc (UK), Jaguar XF (UK), Porsche (D), Ricardo UK Limited, Renault (F), Torotrak plc (UK), Volvo (SE), | |
| Off-highway machinery (mobile cranes, construction machinery) | E | Centre for Concepts in Mechatronix (NL), GKN plc (UK), KAMAG Transporttechnik (D), Vycon (USA) | |
| Refuse collection vehicles |
E |
Non-disclosure |
|
| Electricity grid sector | Grid balancing (control reserve market) | E/C | Stornetic (D), Williams Advanced Engineering (UK), Beacon Power (USA), Boeing (USA), Calnetix (USA), Kinetic Traction Systems, LLC. (USA), Aspes (CH), Rotokinetik UG (D)c |
| Balancing of island grids | E/C | Williams Advanced Engineering (UK), Piller (D)c | |
| Balancing of private grids (i.e. large industrial plants or public transport grids) | C | Rosseta Technik (D), Piller (D)c | |
| Stabilization of critical nodes in the electricity grid | P/E | Non-disclosure | |
| Decentralized home storage of renewable energies | P | Klimpfinger (AT) | |
| Output leveling of single wind turbines | P/E | Enercon (D), Rotokinetik UG (D)c | |
| Output leveling of solar or wind parks (in Austria) | P | Non-disclosure | |
| Energy for storage for remote telecommunication station | P | Non-disclosure | |
| Uninterrupted power supply (including cold start for emergency power systems) | C | Socomec (F), Kinetic Traction Systems LLC (USA), Calnetix Technologies LLC (USA), Piller (D)c | |
| Balancing fluctuations in industrial applications (e.g. elevators or machines requiring important short-term power) | E | Rotokinetik UG (D), Piller (D)c | |
| Provide power boost for experimental research (e.g. particle accelerators) | C | Piller (D)c | |
| Fast charging stations for electric vehicles | P | Non-disclosure | |
| Energy storage for spatial applications | P | Non-disclosure |
a
We distinguish between planned (P), ongoing experiments (E), and successful experiments (commercialized) (C).
b
We provided company names whenever disclosure was allowed. See also Khammas (2007) and Dhand and Pullen (2013) for a chronological review.
c
Low-speed flywheels.