Table 3.
Daytime sleep duration versus metabolic risk factors, inflammatory and endothelial markers, lung function and cardiac markers
| Daytime sleep duration (hours) | p Value trend | p Value >1 hour versus others | |||||
| 0(n=680¶) | <1(n=290¶) | 1(n=336¶) | >1(n=130¶) | ||||
| Metabolic risk factors (mean (95% CI)) | |||||||
| SBP (mm Hg) | † | 147.46 (146.05 to 148.88) | 148.76 (146.59 to 150.92) | 147.14 (145.13 to 149.15) | 144.13 (140.88 to 147.39) | 0.90 | 0.04* |
| ‡ | 147.49 (146.07 to 148.9) | 148.59 (146.42 to 150.75) | 146.97 (144.95 to 148.99) | 144.78 (141.44 to 148.11) | 0.96 | 0.12 | |
| DBP (mm Hg) | † | 77.41 (76.56 to 78.26) | 78.08 (76.77 to 79.38) | 77.16 (75.95 to 78.37) | 75.54 (73.57 to 77.5) | 0.98 | 0.06 |
| ‡ | 77.56 (76.7 to 78.41) | 78.04 (76.74 to 79.35) | 76.94 (75.73 to 78.16) | 75.64 (73.63 to 77.65) | 0.74 | 0.09 | |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | † | 1.5 (1.47 to 1.54) | 1.47 (1.42 to 1.52) | 1.44 (1.39 to 1.49) | 1.33 (1.25 to 1.41) | 0.01* | 0.0002* |
| ‡ | 1.49 (1.46 to 1.52) | 1.46 (1.41 to 1.5) | 1.46 (1.42 to 1.51) | 1.41 (1.33 to 1.48) | 0.14 | 0.10 | |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | † | 1.24 (1.19 to 1.29) | 1.3 (1.23 to 1.38) | 1.35 (1.28 to 1.42) | 1.42 (1.31 to 1.54) | 0.01* | 0.02* |
| ‡ | 1.26 (1.21 to 1.3) | 1.33 (1.26 to 1.4) | 1.33 (1.26 to 1.4) | 1.34 (1.22 to 1.45) | 0.03* | 0.47 | |
| HbA1c§ (%) | † | 5.73 (5.69 to 5.78) | 5.74 (5.68 to 5.81) | 5.87 (5.8 to 5.93) | 5.99 (5.88 to 6.1) | 0.01* | 0.0003* |
| ‡ | 5.75 (5.7 to 5.79) | 5.77 (5.7 to 5.83) | 5.84 (5.78 to 5.91) | 5.9 (5.79 to 6.01) | 0.04* | 0.04* | |
| Glucose§ (mmol/L) | † | 5.52 (5.43 to 5.6) | 5.48 (5.36 to 5.61) | 5.7 (5.58 to 5.83) | 5.98 (5.77 to 6.2) | 0.09 | 0.0002* |
| ‡ | 5.54 (5.45 to 5.62) | 5.51 (5.38 to 5.63) | 5.68 (5.56 to 5.8) | 5.86 (5.65 to 6.07) | 0.25 | 0.01* | |
| Insulin§ (mU/L) | † | 7.5 (7.13 to 7.88) | 7.43 (6.89 to 8.02) | 8.69 (8.09 to 9.33) | 10.36 (9.21 to 11.65) | 0.01* | <0.0001* |
| ‡ | 7.7 (7.36 to 8.07) | 7.68 (7.16 to 8.24) | 8.31 (7.77 to 8.88) | 9.29 (8.32 to 10.37) | 0.15 | 0.005* | |
| Inflammatory and endothelial markers (mean (95% CI)) | |||||||
| CRP§ (mg/L) | † | 1.24 (1.13 to 1.36) | 1.36 (1.19 to 1.57) | 1.56 (1.37 to 1.78) | 1.67 (1.35 to 2.08) | 0.01* | 0.07 |
| ‡ | 1.27 (1.16 to 1.39) | 1.4 (1.22 to 1.61) | 1.5 (1.32 to 1.71) | 1.51 (1.21 to 1.89) | 0.04* | 0.37 | |
| IL-6§ (pg/mL) | † | 2.88 (2.73 to 3.05) | 3.01 (2.76 to 3.28) | 3.19 (2.95 to 3.45) | 3.58 (3.14 to 4.09) | 0.03* | 0.01* |
| ‡ | 2.92 (2.76 to 3.08) | 3.06 (2.81 to 3.33) | 3.13 (2.89 to 3.39) | 3.34 (2.92 to 3.81) | 0.10 | 0.15 | |
| vWF (IU/dL) | † | 132.65 (127.06 to 138.24) | 127.34 (118.81 to 135.87) | 134.92 (126.85 to 142.98) | 148.03 (135.05 to 161.01) | 1.00 | 0.02* |
| ‡ | 132.76 (127.1 to 138.41) | 127.64 (119.03 to 136.24) | 134.88 (126.7 to 143.07) | 147.74 (134.39 to 161.1) | 0.96 | 0.03* | |
| Lung function (mean (95% CI)) | |||||||
| FEV1 (L) | † | 2.52 (2.48 to 2.57) | 2.46 (2.39 to 2.52) | 2.37 (2.31 to 2.44) | 2.21 (2.11 to 2.31) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| ‡ | 2.52 (2.48 to 2.56) | 2.44 (2.38 to 2.51) | 2.38 (2.32 to 2.44) | 2.26 (2.15 to 2.36) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
| Cardiac markers (mean (95% CI)) | |||||||
| NT-pro-BNP§ (pg/mL) | † | 122.31 (110.53 to 135.34) | 110.95 (95.15 to 129.37) | 135.15 (117.08 to 156.02) | 171.15 (134.5 to 217.78) | 0.70 | 0.01 |
| ‡ | 123.28 (111.4 to 136.43) | 111.2 (95.39 to 129.62) | 135.76 (117.52 to 156.82) | 167.33 (130.92 to 213.88) | 0.82 | 0.02 | |
| cTnT§ (pg/mL) | † | 10.33 (9.83 to 10.85) | 10.45 (9.7 to 11.27) | 11.59 (10.8 to 12.43) | 12.79 (11.37 to 14.38) | 0.03 | 0.004 |
| ‡ | 10.41 (9.91 to 10.93) | 10.52 (9.77 to 11.33) | 11.31 (10.55 to 12.13) | 12.3 (10.93 to 13.86) | 0.12 | 0.03 | |
*denotes statistical significant
†Adjusted for age.
‡Adjusted for age, BMI, social class and physical activity.
§Geometeric mean.
¶Maximum n in group, varies slightly with missing covariate data.
CRP, C reactive protein; cTnT, cardiac troponin T; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; IL-6, interleukin 6; NT-pro-BNP, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; SBP, systolic blood pressure; vWF, von Willebrand factor.