Table 4.
Crude prevalence (%) of main lifestyle-related risk factors for cancer at baseline for cohort studies and external prevalence data sources
| Men | Women | |||||||||||||||||
| Cohort data | Prevalence data | Cohort data | Prevalence data | |||||||||||||||
| MCCS | BMES | AusDiab | NWAHS | CHAMP | 45&Up | NHS1 | NHS2 | NHS3 | MCCS | BMES | ALSWH | AusDiab | NWAHS | 45&Up | NHS1 | NHS2 | NHS3 | |
| Risk factors | 1990–1994 | 1992–1993 | 1999–2001 | 1999–2003 | 2005–2007 | 2006–2009 | 2001 | 2004-2005 | 2014–2015 | 1990–1994 | 1992–1993 | 1996 | 1999–2001 | 1999–2003 | 2005–2008 | 2001 | 2004-2005 | 2014–2015 |
| Age (median)* | 56 | 66 | 49 | 49 | 76 | 62 | 43 | 43 | 45 | 55 | 66 | 47 | 41 | 43 | 59 | 43 | 44 | 45 |
| Smoking† | ||||||||||||||||||
| Never regular | 41 | 32 | 49 | 43 | 37 | 49 | 44 | 46 | 51 | 69 | 61 | 62 | 64 | 53 | 65 | 58 | 59 | 63 |
| Former regular | 45 | 52 | 34 | 34 | 57 | 44 | 30 | 30 | 32 | 22 | 26 | 24 | 23 | 30 | 28 | 22 | 23 | 25 |
| Current regular | 15 | 15 | 17 | 23 | 6 | 8 | 25 | 24 | 17 | 9 | 13 | 14 | 12 | 17 | 7 | 20 | 18 | 12 |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||||||||||||||
| ≤2 drinks/day | 71 | 80 | 76 | 83 | 85 | 76 | 71 | 67 | 74 | 91 | 95 | 95 | 95 | 97 | 94 | 92 | 88 | 91 |
| >2 drinks/day | 29 | 20 | 24 | 17 | 15 | 24 | 29 | 33 | 26 | 9 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 6 | 8 | 12 | 9 |
| Body fatness (BMI; kg/m2)†,‡ | ||||||||||||||||||
| <18.5 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 2 |
| 18.5–24.9 | 27 | 39 | 31 | 31 | 23 | 31 | 41 | 37 | 28 | 41 | 43 | 56 | 45 | 40 | 42 | 53 | 51 | 42 |
| 25.0–29.9 | 53 | 46 | 49 | 43 | 49 | 47 | 42 | 43 | 42 | 36 | 34 | 26 | 31 | 30 | 33 | 25 | 28 | 29 |
| ≥30.0 | 19 | 14 | 20 | 25 | 27 | 22 | 16 | 19 | 28 | 22 | 20 | 13 | 23 | 29 | 23 | 17 | 17 | 27 |
| Physical activity | ||||||||||||||||||
| <150 min/week§ | ~ | 75 | 49 | 66 | ~ | 36 | 46 | 57 | 69 | ~ | 85 | - | 62 | 82 | 32 | 59 | 65 | 79 |
| ≥150 min/week§ | ~ | 25 | 51 | 34 | ~ | 64 | 54 | 43 | 31 | ~ | 15 | - | 38 | 18 | 68 | 41 | 35 | 21 |
| Fruit consumption | ||||||||||||||||||
| <2 serves/day | 20 | 64 | 60 | - | - | 49 | 54 | 52 | 56 | 12 | 60 | - | 48 | - | 35 | 42 | 40 | 45 |
| ≥2 serves/day | 80 | 36 | 40 | - | - | 51 | 46 | 48 | 44 | 88 | 40 | - | 52 | - | 65 | 58 | 60 | 55 |
| Vegetable consumption | ||||||||||||||||||
| <5 serves/day | 53 | 41 | 92 | - | - | 76 | 73 | 88 | 92 | 37 | 37 | - | 84 | - | 61 | 66 | 84 | 90 |
| ≥5 serves/day | 47 | 59 | 8 | - | - | 24 | 27 | 12 | 8 | 63 | 63 | - | 16 | - | 39 | 34 | 16 | 10 |
~, not comparable; -, not available.
*Prevalences by age groups are given in online supplementary table 1.
†Some percentages do not add up to 100 because of rounding.
‡Measured weight and height (MCCS, AusDiab, NWAHS, CHAMP and NHS3); self-reported weight and height (BMES, ALSWH, 45&Up, NHS1, NHS2 and LADY).
§≥ 150 min/week of moderate activity or ≥75 min/week of vigorous activity or combination of the two.
45&Up, 45 and Up Study; ALSWH, Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health; AusDiab, Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study; BMES, Blue Mountains Eye Study; BMI, body mass index; CHAMP, Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project; LADY, Learning how Australians Deal with menopause sYmptoms Survey; MCCS, Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study; NHS, National Health Survey; NWAHS, North West Adelaide Health Study.